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By Hatim Jaber MD MPH JBCM PhD 4-6-2017

Faculty of Medicine Epidemiology and Biostatistics (31505204) الوبائيات والإحصاء الحيوي Lecture 1 Course Introduction and Overview Field work allocation. By Hatim Jaber MD MPH JBCM PhD 4-6-2017. Presentation outline 4-6-2017. Epidemiology and Biostatistics (31505204).

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By Hatim Jaber MD MPH JBCM PhD 4-6-2017

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  1. Faculty of Medicine Epidemiology and Biostatistics (31505204) الوبائيات والإحصاء الحيوي Lecture 1Course Introduction and OverviewField work allocation By HatimJaber MD MPH JBCM PhD 4-6-2017

  2. Presentation outline 4-6-2017

  3. Epidemiology and Biostatistics (31505204) • Course Title:Epidemiology and Biostatisticsالوبائيات والإحصاء الحيوي • Credit Hours : 3 Credit Hours • Calendar Description : 8 weeks/ Summer Semester - 2ndyear • Teaching Approaches : 4 (90 min) Lectures per week for 8 weeks and field work and report

  4. General course description: • This course provides students with core skills in epidemiology and biostatistics. This course covers analytical and descriptive epidemiology, the epidemiology of infectious and chronic diseases; transmission of infectious diseases, descriptive statistics, the theory of probabilities, levels of significance, hypothesis testing, regression and correlation and the use of statistics in epidemiology. Course General Objective: • To teach students of how to apply their core skills in epidemiology and biostatistics in the field.

  5. Method of Instruction: Lectures, practice and field work • Evaluationand Grading : Two written exams (MCQ) plus one field work and report. • The student’s course grade will be primarily determined by a combination of midterm examination, class participation and field work and project, multiple choice style final examination. The final examination will incorporate principles and materials from the required readings and from classroom discussions and lectures. • Field work and report = 10% • Midterm Examination - (written) = 40% • Final Examination (written) = 50%

  6. Recommended book • Winner, L(2004). Introduction to Biostatistics. Florida: Department of Statistics; University of Florida. Daniel, W. (2005). Biostatistics: A foundation for analysis in the health sciences. New Jersey: New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. • Textbook: Epidemiology for Public Health Practice, Robert H. Friis and Thomas A. Sellers. Fifth edition, 2013, Jones and Bartlett.

  7. Exams • Field work and report =10% • Midterm Examination- (written) = 40% • Final Examination (written) = 50% • Submission date 20-7 • 29-6 or 2-7

  8. The report should includes: • 1-Title • 2-Summary • 3-Introduction and Objectives • 5-Review of literature • 6-Methodology • 7-Results • 8-Discussion and conclusions • 9-Recommendations • 10-References. 10 minutes presentation for main groups

  9. The Prevalence and Determinants of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors amongst Adults in the.. • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4755539/ • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3857959/ • /bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-015-1709-2 • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612413/ • ttp://medicine.chm.msu.edu/news/Prevalence%20of%20Diabetes%20and%20Other%20Cardiovascular%20Risk%20Factors%20Among%20US%20Autoworkers.pdf

  10. General Guidelines • Print or type using a 12 point standard font, such as Times, Geneva, Bookman, Helvetica, etc. • Text should be double spaced on 8 1/2" x 11" paper with 1 inch margins, single sided • Number pages consecutively (2-3 pages) • Start each new section on a new page • Adhere to recommended page limits

  11. Sections of a Scientific Research Paper The first pages: • Title page • List of Contents …………………………..…..I • List of Tables …………………………..........II • List of Appendices …………………....…….IV • List of Abbreviations ……………………….V • Abstract ……………………..…………….……VI

  12. Sections of a Scientific Research Paper 1. Introduction 2. Methods 3. Results 4. Discussion

  13. Origin of the Word “Research” • From the French word "recherche" which means to travel through or survey

  14. Research Defined Systematic investigation into a problem or situation, where the intention is to identify facts and/or opinions that will assist in solving the problem or dealing with the situation

  15. How to do research • Research is all about addressing an issue or asking and answering a question or solving a problem, so… • Identify an issue, question, or problem. Talk with people who want or need your study. • Find out what's already known about it. Talk with experts and/orread their reviews and the original research on the topic. • Plan for research design and methodology • Instrumentation, sampling • Data analysis • Conclusions, interpretations, recommendations

  16. observationalor non-experimentalor descriptive interventionor experimental Types of researches • In an observational study… • The aim is to gather data or information about the world as it is. • So you hope the act of studying doesn't substantially modify the thing you are interested in. • In an interventionist study… • You do something to the world and see what happens. • You gather data or information almost always before and after the intervention, then look for changes.

  17. An observational study • usually establishes only an association between variables rather than a causal relationship; • needs hundredsor eventhousands of subjects for accurate estimation of small effects. • Types of observational study: • Case series • Cross-sectional • Case-control • Cohort

  18. An intervention study • You can establish causality: X really does affect Y. • Types of intervention : • No control group(time series), e.g. measure performance in 10 athletes before and after a training intervention. • Crossover, e.g. give 5 athletes a drug and another 5 athletes a placebo, measure performance; wait a while to wash out the treatments, then cross over the treatments and measure again. • Ethically good, because all subjects get all treatments. • But can't use if the effect of the treatment takes too long to wash out. • Each subject can receive more than two treatments. • Controlled trial, e.g. measure performance of 20 athletes before and after a drug and another 20 before and after a placebo.

  19. An intervention study……… • In interventions, bias is less likely if… • Subjects are randomly assigned to treatments. • Assignment is balanced in respect of any characteristics that might affect the outcome. • In other words, you want treatment groups to be similar. • Subjects and researchers are blind to the identity of the active and control (placebo) treatments. • Single blind = subjects don't know which is which. • Double blind= the researchers administering the treatments and doing the measurements and analysis don't know either.

  20. Research and Data Collection • Research and data collection are not synonymous. Data collection is: • Part of the research PROCESS • Provides answers to some of the questions addressed by the research TOPIC • Helps us to draw conclusions about the research QUESTION(S) we have investigated

  21. Data ……. • Pieces of information obtained in a study • Are the actual “values” of the study variables • Quantitative - numeric values • Qualitative - narrative descriptions

  22. Demands on data • Relevance to the problem or situation at hand • Must be available in a timely manner to the right person (manager or decision-maker) • Completeness • Accuracy • Accessibility • Affordability • Integrateability into a broader global information or decision-support system

  23. Primary Questionnaires Interviews Observation Participant observation Informal conversations Structured group discussions Secondary Textbooks Specialist books Journal papers Conference papers Magazine articles Government & industry reports Web pages Acts of Parliament Company reports Primary and Secondary Data Sources

  24. Literature Reviews The review of the literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical review of scholarly publications, unpublished scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials, and personal communications

  25. Review of Literature • This section consists of a thoughtful, balanced, and critical evaluation of the research literature that are highly relevant to the planned study in such a way as: • to address the gaps in existing knowledge • to suggest the importance of the planned study

  26. Purposes of Literature Review The overall purpose of literature review is to discover knowledge Research purposes of literature review: • Determines an appropriate research design/method (instruments, data collection and analysis methods) for answering the research question • Determines the need for replication of a well designed study or refinement of a study

  27. Purposes of Literature Review…….. Non Research purposes of literature review: • Determines what is known about a subject, concept or problem • Determines gaps, consistencies & inconsistencies about a subject, concept or problem • Discovers unanswered questions about a subject, concept or problem • Describes strengths & weaknesses of designs, methods of inquiry and instruments used in earlier works

  28. Purposes of Literature Review Non Research purposes of literature review: • Discovers conceptual traditions used to examine problems • Generates useful research questions or projects/activities for the discipline • Promotes development of protocols & policies related to nursing practice • Uncovers a new practice intervention, or gains support for changing a practice intervention

  29. Steps of Searching the Literature Review Determine concept/issue/topic/problem Conduct computer (and/or hand) search Weed out irrelevant sources before printing Organize sources from printout for retrieval Retrieve relevant sources Conduct preliminary reading and weed out irrelevant sources Critically read each source (summarize & critique each source) Synthesize critical summaries

  30. Literature Reviews • Find out what is known about the subject • Find out whether the research has been done before • Build a case for carrying out research • Show your expertise in the subject

  31. Literature Reviews: Field Work Projects • Read a chapter of a well known textbook • Note references • Formulate some questions • Use questions to direct further reading • Jot down answers to questions • Use answers to build an argument

  32. Literature Reviews: Development Projects • Read general textbook to identify key concepts, authorities • Carry out an author/subject search • Read a number of books, papers and synthesise key points • Write up what you have found out and explain how it relates to YOUR project

  33. Steps of research • Select/define a problem • Formulate research question/hypothesis • Collect data • Analyze data • Report results

  34. الانتحالPlagiarism – Just Don’t Do IT! • Plagiarism involves: • Intentionally copying someone else’s ideas or words and not attributing them • Colluding with other students on work when prohibited from doing so • Cutting and pasting text from the Internet and passing it off as your own • Purchasing someone else’s work and describing it as your own

  35. Introduction • Definition of the problem under study. • Magnitude of the problem. • Major items concerning the problem, including the recent studies trying to describe, explore its causes, solution of the problem, etc. • Rational of the research - Does the study address an important health problem? - How will scientific knowledge be advanced? - What will be the effect of the study results on the concepts or methods that drive this problem?

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