WH Review Unit 3

1. WH Review Unit 3

2. Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment • Cause: Renaissance had prompted shift in from medieval world view push to question laws of nature/universe • Effect: scientific method, heliocentric universe, all about what can be observed an proven • Why do we care: transforms science and innovation! • Path to Enlightenment: questions validity of medieval arguments—after questioning world, question political systems

3. Galileo • Italian scientist that invents the telescope and figure out we are in heliocentric universe! • Earth revolves around the sun the way moons go around planets • The establishment HATES Galileo’s discoveries call him a heretic because Catholic Church stressed earth as God’s greatest creation/center of universe • He had to recant (take back) his statements because of INTENSE political pressure. The science was correct, but the establishment was not ready

4. John Locke • Natural rights—belong to all people at birth (the big ones are life, liberty, property) • Popular sovereingty/consent of the governed—government gets its legitimacy from the people; if the government doesn’t protect the people’s rights…they should rebel and institute a govt. that protects natural rights • People are basically good, reasonable, and logical

5. Baron Montesquieu • Wants to end corruption with 3 distinct and separate branches of government • Legislative (make laws) • Executive (enforce laws) • Judicial (interpret laws) • Checks and balances—the branches should interact to “check” the power of other branches from becoming too strong • Different because moves away from monarchy and concentrated power

6. Jean Jacques Rousseau • People are basically good in the state of nature (absence of government/no laws), people are corrupted by society. • Social contract—freely elected governments should impose minimal rules on people to control people; the community interests should be above individual

7. American Revolution • 1776-1781 • American colonies! • Ends British colonization in Americas, challenges/inspires political order with ideas of liberty and equality (Enlightenment!) • Really big deal because the French help us (and it costs them dearly)—same philosophy will be behind French Revolution; Enlightenment ideas/examples of Am. Rev. will be model for later colonies looking for independence.

8. French Revolution • 1789-1815 • Huge political/social/economic equalities among classes, depression, food shortage, poor leadership, rising debts/taxes • 1st estate: clergy, 2nd estate: nobility, 3rd estate: everybody else. Every estate had 1 vote, despite the fact huge majority of people in 3rd estate; 1st and 2nd estate didn’t pay taxes • France moves away from monarchy, embrace of Enlightenment ideas (liberty, fraternity, equality), Reign of Terror, enter Napoleon and the conquest of Europe (leads to huge change!) • Changes political structure, movement towards equality, example for later revolutions

9. Russian Revolution • 1917-1920 • Poor leadership of Nicholas II, food shortage, huge losses in WWI, huge inequalities/ separation between nobility and subject, failing war effort • End of monarchy, introduction to communist politics/economy rooted in equality for all (end $ disparities—hope), communist governments will be really harsh (especially under Stalin) and not necessarily make life better (failed collectivization) • Russia as 1st major communist power

10. Glorious Revolution & English Bill of Rights • England, 1688-1689 • Peaceful transition of power from Catholic James II (runs away) to his daughter Mary and her husband (William of Orange) • Some influential leaders in Parliament didn’t want to establish a Catholic monarchy after James II had a baby boy, so a coup d'état was planned. William brought armies, but they weren’t needed. • William & Mary became monarchs and signed English Bill of Rights that gave more rights to citizens and also established the supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy

11. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen • 1789, France • The National Assembly (consisting of 3rd estate) take first step toward constitution modeled on US Declaration and outlines all french are free with natural rights and equal before law, freedom of religion, etc. • 3rd estate was taking steps towards creating own government based on equality—French establishment didn’t change much and springboards revolt

12. Revolutions in Latin America • European colonies in the Americas revolt after the French Revolution (especially when Napoleon is challenged) • Builds on US independence, French independence, and growing nationalist movements (Enlightenment ideas AGAIN) • Challenged authority of European countries; freedom and equality

13. European Revolutions of 1830 and 1848 • Growing spirit of reform for social/political order; nationalist movements on the rise with mixed success • Includes class issues as well back to the Enlightenment and movement towards equality and questioning govrnment • Rebellions throughout Europe change in political landscape

14. Humanism • Using classical studies of Greece and Rome to understand contemporary world • Renaissance (1300s-1500s) • Especially Italy • Focus on worldly thought instead of just religious (shift towards individual thinking) • Changes the way we see the world! Studied the humanities, about individual growth/understanding

15. Rationalism • Using reason, logic, and observation for justification (not just relying on world view especially religious and political order) • Enlightenment (1700s) • Europe • Changed way of thinking

16. Secularism • Movement towards separation of the church and government • Gains support during Enlightenment • Europe/America • Separation of church and state

17. Adam Smith/Laissez faire economics • Economist theory that businesses should operate without government interference (the market should regulate itself)--1776 • Smith is the guy with the plan—he calls it the “invisible hand philosophy”—bad products/businesses will have to adapt or go out of businesses, leaving the best products/companies (those that benefit most people) successful • CAPITIALISM!

18. Inquisition • Church court set up to root out heresy/Protestants that used torture, secret testimony, and execution  huge in SPAIN • 1500s Europe (especially Spain as it had the blessing of Isabella, defender of the faith) • Pushed lots of great thinkers/economic assets out of Spain • Less diverse and less tolerant Spain

19. Bacon • Find scientific truth through experimentation and observation • 1600s England • Make science/life better through technology • Scientific method!

20. Descartes • Find scientific truth through reasoning/understanding • 1600s France • Provable knowledge • Will influence SCIENTIFIC METHOD!