Course Content Level 1 & 2 Introduction to Health & Safety in the Work Place

1. Course Content Level 1 & 2 • Introduction to Health & Safety in the Work Place • Health and Safety Legislations • Type of Hazards and Control measures . • Permit to Work . • Safety Signs and Symbols . • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) . • Risk Assessment • Hazard & Effect Management Process • Environmental Awareness • Community Health Risk Assessment

2. Introduction to Health and Safety in the work place

3. INTRODUCTION According to Personnel and Human Resource Management (by G. A. Cole) • Accident represented enormous waste of human resources • Cost of accidents and work related illness to employers has been estimated to €2.5 billion (pounds) at 1995/1996

4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND • Prior to 1833/1834 in Britain production shifted from household/servant attendant to factory where mechanical machines where used for production. • These factories operated without safety structures, policies and standards which resulted in casualties and in addition, children and women were used for labour for as long as 16 hours a day • The above stated resulted in protest by employees which led to the making of legislations by the government to regulate operations within the industries

5. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND • The common law provided the general duties owed to the other by both parties(employee and employer) though this did not provide reasonable protection for employees. • Due to protest by public figures (says G.A) COLE, parliament was forced to define more specifically, employees’ protection through regulations which was enforced by inspectorates. The Common Law Also called the Anglo-American law is the body of customary law, based upon judicial decisions and embodied in reports of decided cases, that has been administered by the common law courts of England since the middle age/medieval period(476 AD – 1492 / 5TH – 15TH CENTURY). AD is ‘anno domini,’ latin for ‘in the year of the lord,’ and refers specifically to the birth of Christ.’ Anglo-American: an inhabitation of the U.S. of English descent, a North American whose native language is English and especially whose culture or ethnic background is of European origin.

6. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND • According to G. A. Cole, since the report of Beveridge in 1940s Britain has experienced the separate rise of welfare alongside occupational health and safety. • CURRENT HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORKCurrent health and safety at work today in Britain developed out of RobensCommittee Report of 1972 although there has been a growing influence of the European Union which is concerned with risk assessment proper health and safety policy and planning Proper arrangement of work processes Competent persons to assist in the event of serious danger Training of employees

7. ROBENS COMMITTEE SETUP TO EXAMINE THE STATE OF THE LAW IN 1972 EXAMINATIONS WERE AS FOLLOWS • Major problems of accidents inspite of the law • Haphazard and out of date health and safety law • Too many enforcement agencies • Apathy – lack of interest

8. ROBENS PROPOSAL AFTER EXAMINATION OF THE HEALTH AND SAFETY LAW • A system to enable the responsibility of employers and employees to safety • A unified frame work covering all work activities such as: not just factories, mines, farms, offices etc • A unified enforcement agency with stronger power Note The outcome of these proposals led to the making of the legislation – Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974 etc.

9. HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT, 1974-UK • The ACT applied to all employed irrespective of their industry • Obligation to provide safe condition of work or to wok safe applied to employees, self employed and employers(safety is thus seen as everyone’s business) • Superseding regulations to be introduced over existing requirements under status still in force • Increased granted powers to inspectors • Provisions made to encourage greater employee participation in safety matters at work.

10. PRINCIPAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS-UK • To provide and maintain plant and systems of work that are safe and without risk • To ensure safety in all work levels and perspectives • To provide sufficient information, instructions, training and supervision to employees • To maintain a safe work place, and safe means of access and exit • To provide safe, healthy work environment, including welfare • Safety structure and policy development. Except for firms fewer than five employees, every employer is required to prepare and keep up-to-date , a written statement of safety policy.

11. HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISION-UK HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974 HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK COMMISSION Health & Safety Executive Advisory Committee Factory Inspectorate Mines and Quarries Inspectorate Explosives Inspectorates etc

12. HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMISSIONS - UKGeneral Duties of the Commission Membership of the commission: Chairman and between six to nine members, drawn in equal proportion from employers, trade unions and third parties(e.g. Local authorities) • Ensuring the health, safety and welfare of persons at work • Protecting persons other than employees against risks to health and safety • Control of the keeping and use of explosives, flammables/dangerous substances • Control of the emission of offensive substances Other duties include • Encourage the furtherance of the above duties by persons concerned • Make arrangements for research into health and safety • Provide advisory service and information to employers, trade unions and others • Submit proposals for the making of regulations • Maintain link with the minister concerned and carry out his or her instructions

13. HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVES-UK Headed by a Director General and two other Directors appointed by the health and safety commission. MAIN BRANCHES OF HSE ARE • The Factories Inspectorate • The Explosives Inspectorate • The Mines and quarries Inspectorate • The Nuclear Installations Inspectorate • The Alkali and Clean Air Inspectorate • The Agriculture, Health and Safety Inspectorate • The Empowerment Medical Advisory and Safety Inspectorate Note The principal duty of HSE is to ensure compliance with Health and Safety matters. All the above stated in similar manner is applicable in Nigeria.

14. IMPORTANCE OF HSE DETERMINING THE SUCCESS OF A NATION’S ECONOMY The viability of any nation’s economy and business will be determined by: • Safe, healthy and conducive environment for operations of businesses within the nation • Safe, healthy, conducive environment and safe practices ensured by business through well designed HSE Systems, policies, Procedures and implementation backed up by welfare for workers. • The above will guarantee the prevention of injury, death, damage, illness and loss of time and money.

15. DETERMINING THE SUCCESS OF A NATION’S ECONOMY When the environment is safe and healthy, and businesses comply with safety and environmental laws by putting structures in place that guarantees employees’ safety, health and welfare, then businesses can smoothly run without the occurrence of accident leading to injury, damage, death and loss of time and money; by this, taxes are sure to be which will lead to revenue generation enabling provision of basic amenities for the citizens and businesses likewise.

16. WHAT IS HEALTH, SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT AND SECURITY? PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

17. HSE&S • H – HEALTH is the total good physical, emotional and mental state of an individual and not a mere absence of diseases, which the individual, business and the nation need for sustainable development. • S – SAFETY - Safety is: 1. freedom from danger: protection from, or not being exposed to, the risk of harm or injury. 2. lack of danger: inability to cause or result in harm, injury, or damage. 3. being unharmed or undamaged: the fact of being or remaining unharmed, uninjured, or undamaged) PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

18. HSE&S • E – ENVIRONMENT - Surroundings in which an organization operates, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora (all the plant life in a given or particular region or period), fauna(all the animal life in a given or particular region or period), humans and their interrelation.) • S – SECURITY - A real or potential compromise (acceptance) of security or damage to tangible assets such(life, property, data, money) or intangible assets (goodwill, credibility, reputation, relationships, social capital, knowledge capital) -A provision of a sense of protection against loss, attack, or harm, theft, vandalism, burglary, espionage. PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

19. Rights and Duties The responsibilities of government, employers and workers should be seen as complementary and mutually reinforcing in the common task of promoting occupational safety and health to the greatest extent possible. PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

20. The Government Government is responsible for the following: • Making OSH legislations • Monitoring and Inspection • Approval to organizations • Fine • Awareness PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

21. The Employer Employers are responsible for the following: • HSE policy development in compliance with safety and health regulations • System design • Conducive work environment • Awareness and training • Provision of safety facilities • compensation to injured workers PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

22. The Workers • Workers have right to safe work environment • Due care and due diligence • Accident reporting • Right to knowledge • Work refusal in case of danger • Compliance to set standards and procedures PROFESSIONAL GENERAL HSE&S - EFFECTIVE CONSULT

23. Health and Safety legislations

24. Health and Safety legislations • HSE legislations are passed by government and international regulatory agencies world wide for business owners and employers of labour to guarantee safety, health and welfare of employees • It is also to ensure community safety and wellbeing, protection of the environment, asset, and for business continuity • Business organizations are expected to comply with these legislations by developing safe operating procedures

25. ESSENCE OF HSE LEGISLATIONS Safety Standards sets out harmonized approaches to safety to promoteconsistency and help to provide assurance thatmaterials, equipment, substances or resources used at work are safely applied in order to prevent damage, injury, illness, death and loss of time and money.

26. HSE LEGISLATIONS A good understanding of existing legislations and applicable standards as it concerns individual business, is vital so that policies, organizations, plans, procedures, manuals, audit, reviews are developed in line with regulatory requirements and standards to ensure compliance This requires knowledge of these legislations and management leadership commitment as HSE compliance is a good business

27. EXAMPLES OF REGULATIONS IN NIGERIA • THE MINERAL OIL (SAFETY) REGULATIONS 1997 • ENVIRONEMNTAL REGULATIONS • THE PETROLEUM REFINING REGULATIONS 1974 • THE PETROLEUM REGULATION 1967 • NUCLEAR ENERGY REGULATION • THE ROAD SAFETY REGULATIONS • ELECTRICITY REGULATIONS • THE SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION REGULATIONS • THE EXPLOSIVE REGULATIONS 1967

28. WHY HEALTH AND SFATEY LEGISLATIONS? • Humanitarian Consideration • Legal Requirements • Economic Objective • Reputation

29. Humanitarian Consideration • No amount of money paid as compensation to a worker can make up for a lasting or permanent disability. • Even temporary disability can result to in-considerable inconvenience and loss of such things as shift allowance and overtime.

30. Legal requirements • It requires that businesses should set up standards that are in compliance with government regulations in order to manage effectively, workplace hazards to prevent accidents. • No person should interfere with or misuse any of the provisions made by the employer in the attempt to protect employees following the law.

31. ECONOMIC OBJECTIVE The major objective of every business is to make profit and so it is expected that everyone involve in a business contributes to maintaining safety in order to avoid unnecessary losses which invariably would affect the rate of taxes paid to the government by companies affected.

32. REPUTATION The absence of safety in the operation of any business may lead to poor reputation of the business before stakeholders and invariably may negatively affect the ability of the business in recruiting experienced and competent personnel.

33. Type of Hazards Hazards: It can be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personal or loss of product or property,

34. DIFFERENT AGENTS OR HAZARDS Physical Hazards - Noise and vibration, Heat and cold, Electromagnetic fields, lighting etc. Biological Hazards -Bacteria, fungi, Virus etc. Mechanical Hazards -Accidents usually take place by the combination of unsafe condition & carelessness Electrical hazards -Shocks, Sparking, Fire and wiring faults Ergonomics factors -Lifting, stretching, and repetitive motion. Psychosocial factors -Stress, workload and work organisation. Hydraulic –water or other fluids at rest or in motion, especially with respect to engineering applications Pneumatic - Compressed air in a machine Chemical agents - Gas, Vapour, Solid, Fibre, Liquid, Dust, Smog (mist, fog), fume, etc.

35. STUDY FOR MORE DETAILS SOME EXAMPLES OF HAZARDS AND MEAUSRES OF PREVENTING THEM • PHYSICAL HAZARDS, • BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS, • MECHANICAL HAZARDS • ELECTRICAL HAZARDS

36. Physical Hazards and its Preventive Measures

37. Preventive measures Periodic health check up Personal protection The manufacturer should also provide First aid facilities Initial examination Prevention facilities) Routine sanitation programme Biological hazards Disease due to biological hazards • Brucellosis (infectious disease contacted from domestic Animals through contaminated milk) • Byssinosis (a respiratory disease caused by prolonged inhalation of dust from textile fibres-thin thread) • Bagassosis (dry refuse left after the juice has been extracted from sugar cane, grapes, or sugar) • Loco motor disorder – (Paralysis or inability to move) KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani

38. Mechanical hazards Electrical hazards • unsafe condition & carelessness. • Most of industrial accidents are due to: • Faulty inspection • Inability of employee • Poor discipline • Lack of concentration • Unsafe practice • Mental & physical unfitness for job • Faulty equipment or improper working condition • Improper training regarding the safety aspects • Shocks • Sparking • Fire • Wiring faults Preventive measures • Proper maintenance of wiring & equipment • High voltage equipment should be properly enclosed • Good house keeping • Water should not be used for dousing electric fire • Worker should avoid working in electric circuits or equipment in wet clothing or shoes. • Preventive Measures • Planning • Safe material Handling • PPEs KLE College of Pharmacy, Nipani

39. Safe Work Permits Certain jobs always require that a Safe Work Permit be issued by a qualified individual. The objective of the Safe Work Permit system is to identify hazards associated with a non-routine job, and to develop precautions required to control each hazard identified.

40. Safe Work Permits • Examples of jobs requiring permits are: • Hot Work - the use of open flame, oxyacetylene burning, tar kettles, etc...., and the use of portable spark or heat producing equipment in flammable storage or handling areas. • Confined Space Entry • Excavations • Blasting(use of gun powder containing sodium nitrate used for blasting rocks or ores-mineral from which metal is extracted ) • Use of internal combustion engines, or vehicles with internal combustion engines inside company buildings. • Use of company owned equipment, such as personnel lifts, fork trucks, vehicles, etc., by employees of a contractor Oxyacetylene: oxygen mixture producing hot flame

41. Hot Work Permit Cutting / Welding Permit Location: Job No. Date: Job No. Location & Building: Floor Nature of Job: Welder’s Name: The above location has been examined. The precautions checked on the reverse of this card have been taken to prevent fire. Permission is granted for this work. Permit Date: Time: ExpiresAM PM This permit is required for all situations which may result in fires or explosions.

42. Confined Space Entry Permit regulating entry into pits, tanks, and vessels. Confined Space Entry Permit Location and description of confined space: Reason for entry: Permit issued to: Supervisor’s Name: Attendant’s name: Permit issuer’s name: % oxygen: % lower explosive limit: ppm(parts per million) CO: H2S: Requirements Emergency Rescuer yes no Continuous Gas Monitor yes no Barrier for ground openings yes no Warning Signs yes no Safety Harness with yesno life line(/ropessafety cables) Tripod / Hoist / Pulley yesno CAUTION Opening in Ground Keep Out ! Tripod:a frame or stand with three legs

43. Excavation Poorly planned excavations can result in damage to underground services, such as electrical lines, natural gas lines, water lines, sewers(waste pipes) and drains. The consequence of damaged service lines is often complete shutdown of operations resulting in major business losses. Permits are written to ensure that necessary equipment is present and in good working order.

44. Safe Work Permits Permits ensure that procedures to protect workers from exposure to toxic substances have been identified.

45. Safe Work Permits Permits ensure that procedures are followed that will prevent emissions from contaminating air inside buildings and confined spaces.

46. Safe Work Permits Unauthorized use of company equipment can result in lost production and injury to untrained operators. Permits prevent company equipment from being taken by contractors without the permission of area management, and require verification of equipment operator training.

47. Safe Work Permits Work which ordinarily does not require safe work permits may be included at the discretion of the Safety Representative, the Contractor, or the Contract Administrator.

48. Safe Work Permits • Permits are issued: • For a specific date and time range, • For a specific job, and • To specific individuals. • Permits must be reviewed and signed by: • The supervisor, • Affected workers, and • The work area manager.

49. Safe Work Permits Workers must be informed of required emergency procedures, location and operation of emergency equipment, and area inherent hazards. Required special precautions must be clearly indicated and communicated to workers, and their supervision. It is the safety representative’s responsibility to determine if and when special measures are required.

50. Safe Work Permits The safety representative must verify that all underground utilities have been located and staked out. Provisions must be made to barricade the open trench(ditch), prevent collapse of trench walls, provide employees with a means of exit, reroute ground water, and all other requirements of excavating. If soil is contaminated, the safety representative will ask for a written safety and health plan. Personal protective equipment and other safety equipment required is specified. For each hazard present at the work site, the safety representative must specify a hazard control.