Photo courtesy of The Initiative Group - Whatcom, lakewhatcom.

1. Identification of Escherichia coli Sources in Lake Whatcom using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) Lesli Higginson Biology Department Western Washington University

2. Photo courtesy of The Initiative Group - Whatcom, http://lakewhatcom.org.

4. The List of Suspects Photo by Brian Fellows

5. E. coli cultured and isolated from water samples and known fecal samples.

6. DNA extracted and quantified

8. MseI a frequent cutter and EcoRI a less frequent cutter

10. DNA fragments of different lengths with adapter molecules ligated to ends

12. Steps in PCR: Denaturation Annealing Extension

14. Used two primer sets: 1. FAM labeled EcoRI-A and unlabeled MseI-C 2. FAM labeled EcoRI-A and unlabeled MseI-C

22. Other possible sources: • small mammals including rats and mice • other domestic pets • other avian species • deer and domestic livestock

25. Acknowledgments: Bureau of Faculty Research Dr. Craig Moyer City of Bellingham, especially Peg Wendling Ilse Klee Bernard Fernandez Andrew Higginson-Fernandez Sue Hoffmann