Today’s Music Piano Concerto #2 in F by Dmitri Shostokovich 1957 Today’s Art Soviet Propaganda

1. Get out your lecture notes and be ready to go when the bell rings… Today’s MusicPiano Concerto #2 in FbyDmitri Shostokovich1957Today’s ArtSoviet Propaganda

2. General Overview of Communism & the Russian Revolution AP World History Chapter 22 “The Rise and Fall of World Communism” (1917 – Present)

3. Communism: A General Overview • Socialism = the belief that the economy should be controlled by society, either directly or through the government • Believe in: a classless society, equal distribution of wealth, gender equality, etc. • How is communism different? • It really isn’t very different  think of communists as “extreme socialists” • Socialists believe their ideal society can be achieved slowly through progression and evolution of the government • Communists believe this society can only be achieved by overthrowing the government

4. Communism: A General Overview • Cold War = 1946 – 1991 • Global rivalry between the Soviet Union and the U.S. • Capitalism vs. Communism • Divided continents, countries, and cities • Spawned the space race • Spawned a dangerous arms race focused on nuclear weapons

5. Communism: A General Overview • The Soviet Union • Eastern Europe • China • North Korea • North Vietnam • Laos • Cambodia • Cuba • Afghanistan Major countries/regions in the communist “bloc”:

6. Communism: A General Overview • During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its allies were brought together by: • Warsaw Pact = military alliance designed to counter NATO • Council on Mutual Economic Assistance = tied together the economies of the Soviet Union and those of Eastern European countries

7. Communism: A General Overview • Communist parties also existed in non-communist countries • 1950s = small communist party developed in the U.S. • Sparked fear and political repression • McCarthyism = movement of political repression against communists in the U.S.  involved making accusations of disloyalty and treason without proper regard for evidence • Many people lost their jobs, had their careers destroyed, or were even imprisoned without any evidence that they were communists or communist sympathizers

8. The Russian Revolution(1917)

9. Pre-Revolutionary Russia • Only true autocracy left in Europe • No type of representative political institutions • Nicholas II became czar in 1884 • Last ruler from the Romanov family • Believed he was the absolute ruler anointed by God • Russo-Japanese War (1904) = defeat for Russia in this war led to political instability

10. Russia in WWI • Suffered harsh defeats • Shortages of both food and weapons • Morale in the Russian army = hit rock bottom • Russian civilians suffering at home too • All supplies & food went to the army, not them • Demanded: “PEACE AND BREAD!” • These losses in WWI made Czar Nicholas II very unpopular Russian soldiers running from advancing German troops

11. Czar Nicholas II & Alexandra • Alexandra = Czar Nicholas II’s wife • Both the Czar and his wife = very unpopular because they were politically incompetent and foolish • Both relied on the guidance of a mystic healer named Rasputin • This also made them look weak and silly

12. Rasputin • Known as the “mad monk” • Wandered around Russia, claiming to have special powers • Czar & his wife asked him to cure their son • He had hemophilia • Built up a bad reputation in St. Petersburg • Slept with dozens of women • Alcoholic

13. Alexis: Alexandra’s Son with Hemophilia

14. Death of Rasputin • Killed by the Czar’s relatives in 1916 to save the monarchy • 1st = served cake and wine laced with cyanide • No effect – stayed alive • 2nd = shot several times • No effect – stayed alive; staggering around wounded and bleeding • 3rd = the men pushed his body through a hole in an iced-over river • Moved about for several minutes before dying

15. The March Revolution of 1917 • People organized strikes and protests demanding food and fuel • Soldiers who were sent to stop the protests ended up joining the protestors • Czar Nicholas II abdicated (gave up) his power on March 15, 1917 • End of the 300-year Romanov dynasty in Russia

16. The Provisional Government • Provisional Government = temporary central government in Russia after the Czar stepped down • Led by: Alexander Kerensky • Saw the war effort as the #1 priority • Had to deal with: soldiers deserting, transportation problems, low arms production, etc.

17. The Provisional Government • Russian masses wanted 3 things: 1) Immediate peace & withdrawal from WWI 2) Transfer of land to the peasants 3) Control of factories by workers • Provisional government did not pull Russia out of the war and did not enact any social reforms • Lost popularity • Led to its downfall

18. The Bolsheviks • Bolsheviks = radical revolutionary group in Russia • Wanted a socialist society in Russia • Led by: Vladimir Lenin • Slogan = “Peace, land, and bread!”

19. The Russian Revolution • November 1917 • Also known as the: Bolshevik Revolution • Bolsheviks staged a coup d’etat in St. Petersburg • Overthrew the provisional government • Members of the provisional government fled or were arrested • Relatively bloodless • Bolsheviks claimed absolute power

20. The Russian Revolution • Bolsheviks began building a socialist state • Ended private ownership of property • Distributed land among the peasants • Gave workers control of factories and mines • Bolshevik Party = officially renamed the Communist Party in March 1918 • Wanted to spread the Communist revolution throughout the world

21. Peace with Germany • Lenin’s 1st order of business = get Russia out of WWI • Signed peace treaty with Germany in March 1918 • Russia lost much of its western territory and 1/3 of its population Peace Conference between Russia and Germany

22. Russian Civil War • 1918 – 1921 • Communists vs. their political opponents • Political opponents = Royalists, Liberal Democrats, Moderate Socialists, Landlords, etc. • Communists = “the Reds” • Their opponents = “the Whites”

23. Russian Civil War: The Red Army • Communist Army = called the Red Army • Led by Leon Trotsky

24. Russian Civil War • Both sides burned villages and killed civilians • In the meantime: workers and peasants were starving and the Russian economy was crumbling

25. Russian Civil War: The Terror • Bolsheviks imposed a policy called “war communism” • Took direct control over all industries • Forced peasants to send food to the cities • Killed the imprisoned Czar & his family • Set up secret police force = the Cheka • Arrested (and often executed) anyone considered an “enemy of the revolution” • Placed severe restrictions on the Russian Orthodox Church • Communists = anti-religion

26. Russian Civil War • “Whites” surrendered in 1921 • Outnumbered, disorganized, poorly equipped armies • Lenin and the Communists then had complete control of Russia • Lenin = ruled from 1921-1924 • State of Russia = horrible • From 1914-1921 = 27 million Russians had died • Economy = in shambles • Peasants = still starving

27. Lenin in Power • 1922 = Russia becomes USSR = Union of Soviet Socialist Republics = Soviet Union • New constitution written = makes it a socialist state • In theory = Soviet Union supposed to be run by the workers • But really the Communist Party did

28. Lenin in Power • Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54

29. Trotsky vs. Stalin • Fought for power after Lenin died • Leon Trotsky = leader of the Red Army during the Civil War • Joseph Stalin = General Secretary of the Communist Party • Difference = Trotsky wanted to spread Communism all over the world immediately & Stalin wanted to make it strong in the Soviet Union first

30. Trotsky vs. Stalin • Trotsky = closer to Lenin and more well-known • Stalin = outmaneuvered Trotsky politically • Ability to remove and appoint government officials • Once he gained control of the government, he exiled Trotsky to Siberia in 1929 • Trotsky eventually moved to Mexico City  Stalin sent an assassin there to kill him

31. Joseph Stalin • Ruled the Soviet Union from 1929 – 1953 • Responsible for the next major extension of communist control • In Eastern Europe after WWII • Soviet military forces already there after the war  stayed there to help impose communist regimes per Stalin’s orders • Stalin wanted to be surrounded by “friendly” governments as security against invasions from the West