Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Shared History – the past events and stories that are common to everyone in a group

2. Chapter 2 Glacier – a large body of ice that can grow or shrink depending on the climate. Evidence – the material on which a judgment or conclusion may be based. Artifacts, documents, photos, paintings, interviews, and rock carvings are all forms of historical evidence. Migration – seasonal movement from one region to another. Artifact – any object made, used or altered by humans. Archaeologist – a scientist who studies past human life and activities by examining physical evidence such as tools, fire pits, and ruins from dwellings.

3. Chapter 3 Oral tradition – the custom of telling stories about the histories and legends of a group in order to teach about that culture. Elder – an older member of the tribe who is respected for his or her knowledge and wisdom. Tipi – a cone-shaped house made by stretching animal skins over a frame of wooden poles. Sugar Camp – village location during spring, when Dakota made sugar from maple sap. Bark House – a rectangular house made with poles and covered with large overlapping strips of bark. Ohanwaste – Dakota word meaning generosity. Tiyospaye– Dakota word meaning extended families, including cousins, aunts, and uncles. Wohoda – Dakota word meaning respect and courtesy.

4. Chapter 4 Wigwam – a round dwelling made out of poles and saplings and covered with sheets of birchbark or woven mats. Oral Tradition – the custom of telling stories about the histories and legends of a group in order to teach about that culture. Pelts – animal skins that have been cleaned, stretched, and dried. Alliance – an agreement made between two or more different groups to join forces to achieve a common goal; the participating groups are called allies.

5. Chapter 5 Trader - a wealthy man in charge of a trading post. Social Status – position or rank of a person in society. Clerk – a man who usually managed the day-to-day business at a fur trading post. Voyageur – a workman who performed the physical labor of the fur trade. Portage – the place where boats or goods are carried overland from one stretch of water to another. Rendezvous – an annual summer meeting of traders, clerks, voyageurs, and Indians.

6. Chapter 6 Westward Expansion – the nineteenth-century movement of settlers and immigrants from the eastern United States to the Midwest and West. Treaty – a written agreement between two or more nations. Sovereign – self-ruling and independent. Military Base – a central location where an armed force keeps its supplies and organizes its operations. Territory – a part of the United States that is not within a state but is organized with its own governing leaders. Delegation – one or more persons chosen to represent others. Negotiation – the process of discussing a question or conflict in order to settle it.