Vaccine Preventable Diseases

1. Hepatitis B Rotavirus Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Haemophilus influenzae type b Streptococcus pneumoniae Influenza Measles Mumps Rubella Varicella Hepatitis A Neisseria meningitidis Human papillomavirus Vaccine Preventable Diseases

2. A 7-year-old boy displays the rash typical of measles infection. Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

3. This child with measles displays the characteristic red, blotchy pattern on his face and body during the third day of the rash. Immunization has decreased the incidence of measles in the U.S. by 99 percent, though outbreaks in 2008 have resulted from non-immunized people acquiring the infection while traveling abroad. Measles is highly contagious. Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

4. A 2-year-old boy displays the rash typical of measles infection. Measles typically results in rash, fever and cough. Complications can include ear infection, croup, diarrhea and, rarely, encephalitis and death.Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

5. ` A patient displays swelling due to mumps, a disease that is characterized by swelling of the salivary glands. Prior to the vaccine that was introduced in 1967, an estimated 100,000 to 200,000 cases of mumps occurred in the U.S. each year.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

6. A preschool-aged boy with pertussis (whooping cough) produced thick, respiratory secretions during a severe coughing spell. Pertussis is most severe when it occurs in the first six months of life. Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

7. A child displays the lasting effects of polio infection.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

8. A crowd lines up around a city auditorium in San Antonio, Texas, to receive polio immunizations in 1962.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

9. Made of stainless steel, this Emerson Respirator, also known as an "iron lung," was used by polio patients whose ability to breathe was stopped by the crippling viral disease. This iron lung was donated to the CDC's Global Health Odyssey by the family of polio patient Barton Hebert of Covington, La., who had used the device from the late 1950s until his death in 2003. Iron lungs encase the chest cavity in an air-tight chamber. The chamber is used to create a negative pressure around the body, causing air to rush into the lungs.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

10. This child is displaying a deformity of her right leg due to polio.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

11. A girl with permanent leg paralysis from polio. Images like this were used to encourage individuals to receive polio vaccinations, which were made available in April, 1955. Thanks to the successful nationwide immunization program, polio is a preventable viral infection that is only rarely seen today.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

12. People stand in line at a polio immunization station outside a local grocery store in Columbus, Ga., in 1961. In the early 1950's, there were more than 20,000 cases of polio each year. After polio vaccination began in 1955, cases dropped significantly. By 1960, the number of cases dropped to about 3,000. The last cases of naturally occurring paralytic polio in the United States were in 1979, when an outbreak occurred among the Amish in several Midwestern states.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

13. A rubella rash on a child's back, circa 1978.Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

14. A young boy displays the characteristic rash indicative of rubella, otherwise known as German measles. Rubella is a respiratory viral infection characterized by mild respiratory symptoms and low-grade fever, followed by a rash lasting about 3 days. In children, the illness may not be diagnosed since the rash may be mild and mimic other conditions. Rubella vaccination is particularly important for non-immune women who may become pregnant because of the risk for serious birth defects if they acquire the disease during pregnancy. Birth defects include deafness, cataracts, heart defects, mental retardation, and liver and spleen damage (at least a 20% chance of damage to the fetus if a woman is infected early in pregnancy).Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

15. A newborn displays a rash due to rubella. The child also has Congenital Rubella Syndrome, which can cause blindness, deafness and neurologic impairment. Before widespread use of the rubella vaccine, rubella was an epidemic disease. Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

16. An infant has cataracts in his eyes from Congenital Rubella Syndrome. Rubella is a viral disease that can affect susceptible persons of any age. Although generally a mild rash, if contracted in early pregnancy, there is a high rate of birth defects. Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

17. Bull Neck of Diphtheria

18. Diphtheria

19. An infant displays bodily rigidity produced by tetanus infection. Tetanus in the newborn is common in many developing countries where women are not immunized and nonsterile instruments are used to cut the infant's umbilical cord. Tetanus occurs worldwide. Since widespread immunization in the U.S., 40 or fewer cases are reported each year. Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

20. An infant displays severe muscle spasms from tetanus which occurred from infection of the umbilical stump Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

21. A preschool-aged boy displays the severe muscle contraction of tetanus, a disease caused by bacteria in a dirt-contaminated wound. Deep-puncture wounds pose the biggest risk. Photo source: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

22. This 10-year-old, unvaccinated boy developed varicella (chickenpox) with hemorrhagic lesions. Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

23. Varicella

24. A teenage girl is pictured with varicella (chickenpox) lesions in various stages. Chickenpox tends to be more severe in adolescents and adults than in young children.Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

25. A 10-month-old infant is pictured on the fifth day of a hemorrhagic varicella (chickenpox) rash. The baby's sores became infected with Staphylococcus aureus, requiring antibiotics and renal dialysis. Hemorrhagic varicella is more common among people with compromised immune systems.Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

26. A child displays varicella (chickenpox) lesions. Photo source: AAP Red Book Online Visual Library

27. An infant with hemorrhagic varicella (chickenpox) with cellulitis. This infant contracted varicella at birth from his infected mother. Varicella infection can be fatal to an infant if the mother develops the disease shortly before delivery. Photo source: Dr. Barbara Watson

31. Pneumococcal

32. Pneumococcal

35. Diseases Estimated Annual Cases Average Annual Deaths Influenza 1 31,000,000 38,000 Hepatitis B 2,3 78,000 5,000 Hepatitis A 2 93,000 100 Varicella 4 67,400 54 Pneumococcal disease 2 175,000 5,500 Meningococcal disease 2 2,500 - 3,000 150 Pertussis 5 800,000 – 3,300,000 7 HPV 6,7 6,200,000 4,000 Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Death Remain at Unacceptable Levels in the U.S. 1. Weycker D., et al. Vaccine. 2005;23:1284. 2. CDC Pink Book. 8th Edition, 2005. 3. American Liver Foundation. Hepatitis and Liver Disease in the United States. Available at http://www.liverfoundation.org. Accessed April 2005. 4. CDC. MMWR, 2005;52:73. 5. Cherry JD. Pediatrics, 2005;115:1422. 6. CDC. Genital HPV Infection – CDC Fact Sheet. Available at www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm. Accessed June 2005. 7. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2005.

36. The Face of Influenza: Colorado, 2003 to 2004 Auge K. Denver Post. 26 November 2003; Medical Writer Section: A01. Mahoney J. Rocky Mountain News. 6 December 2003; City Desk Local Secion: 1A.

37. Every Infant and Child Must be Immunized on Time to Protect Themselves, Their Family, and Susceptible Individuals Around Them Herd immunity may require 95% 0f individuals in a community to be immune in order to prevent epidemics

38. Fact If a significant proportion of the population opts-out of immunization programs, vaccine-preventable diseases will re-emerge and cause childhood illness and deaths.

39. FACT: Immunization is a critical public health issue No vaccine is 100% effective. We depend on high immunization rates to protect both immunized children and those who cannot be immunized. We depend on vaccines for the overall health of our community, nation, and world.

40. Vaccine Successes • Smallpox eradicated worldwide • Diphtheria and Tetanus almost eliminated • Polio eliminated from the Western Hemisphere • Measles and Rubella almost eliminated, Mumps close • HIB disease is now a rarity, Invasive Pneumococcal disease declined by 66 % • Varicella disease down by 70 % • Hepatitis A and B declining rapidly

43. Immunization Safety • Starts during planning stages of vaccine development • Animal studies before human studies • Safety and efficacy • Investigational New Drug Application • Phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials

44. Post-licensure Safety • Vaccine adverse events reporting system • Vaccine Safety datalink • Clinical immunization safety assessment • Manufacturer • University, interested investigators

45. Influenza Disease Burden to U.S. Societyin an Average Year Deaths 36,000 Hospitalizations 114,000 Physician visits 25 million Infections and illnesses 50-60 million Thompson WW et al. JAMA. 2003;289:179-86. Couch RB. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133:992-8. Patriarca PA. JAMA. 1999;282:75-7. ACIP. MMWR. 2004;53(RR06):1-40.

46. Average Annual Age-specific Influenza Rates* 45 41 38 40 35 31 30 24 25 Infection rate (%) 20 12 15 11 9 9 7 10 5 0 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+ Age (years) *Derived combined rates for influenza types A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B over the course of 7 outbreaks during the years between 1976 and 1981 in Tecumseh, Michigan. Monto AS, et al. Epidemiol Infect. 1993;110:145-160. 

47. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. - George Santayana, 1905