Topics of Presentation

1. Shanghai Normal University Conference onIdentity and Intercultural CommunicationDecember 28-29, 2008English as a Multicultural Language and Intercultural CommunicationNobuyuki HonnaAoyama Gakuin UniversityEmail: nyhonna@a2en.aoyama.ac.jp

2. Topics of Presentation • Two Characteristics of Contemporary English (Introduction) • Diffusion and Adaptation • Lexical and Syntactic Creations • World Englishes • Overcoming Intervarietal Incommunicability • Identity and English Across Cultures (Conclusion)

3. Two Major Characteristics of Contemporary English 1. Global Spread:Internationalization of English 2. Development of National Varieties: Diversification of English

4. The Global Spread of English EIL ChinaCISEgyptFranceGermanyIndonesiaJapanKoreaSpainTurkeyVietnamZimbabwe… ENL UK USA Australia Canada　 NZ ESL GhanaIndiaKenyaPakistanSingapore … ENL= English as a native languageESL= English as a second languageEIL= English as an international language While inspired by the three historically concentric circles of Kachru (1992: 356), this diagram is rather intended to depict the current spread of English from a geopolitical point of view.

5. English in Asia EIL AfghanistanBangladeshCambodiaChinaIndonesiaJapanKoreaLaosMaldivesMyanmarNepalThailandVietnam… ESL BruneiIndiaMalaysiaPakistanPhilippinesSingaporeSri Lanka… ENL AustraliaCanadaNew ZealandUKUSA ENL= English as a native languageESL= English as a second languageEIL= English as an international language

6. Non-Native Speakers Native Speakers Native Speakers × Non-Native Speakers Japanese Chinese Indians French Germans Egyptians Brazilians ・ ・ ・ Spread of English Among Non-Native Speakers:English as a Multinational / Multicultural Language

7. Diffusion Adaptation (Internationalization) (Diversification) Input Enculturation/Indigenization Process Output American/British English Regional/Local Sociocultural Contexts Regional/Local Varieties of English Diffusion and Adaptation 7

8. From Singapore EnglishExample Sentences 1 “Face” Expressions • I lost a lot of face by being unable to answer the question. • That saved me a great deal of face. • They started quarreling... I don’t know where to hide my face. • How can you do that to me? I really got no face now. • You must go to his son’s wedding dinner. You must give him face.

9. Example Sentences 2 “Face” Expressions (Continued) • Since I don’t know where to put my face in this company, I might as well leave and save what little face I have left. • Just tell him what you really think. There is not need to give him any face. • Let’s ask Datok Ali for help. He knows the right people and he has got a lot of face. 9

10. Example Sentences 3 Syntactic Reduplication • If you go to Seiyu, everything is cheap-cheap. (Taxi driver) • I like to wear big-big. (T-shirt vendor referring to her XL size) • My friend from China, she likes (to) shop-shop. (Clerk) • Saturday can-can. (Reservation clerk at a restaurant) • Play-play, no money; work-work, no leisure. • Choose- choose-choose-choose-choose, but no buy.(Shop clerk referring to recent Japanese tourists)

11. Example Sentences 4 Syntactic Reduplication • I horned, I horned, but they didn’t move. (Taxi driver) • Joke joke only lah. (T-shirt vendor) • The group does different different things. (Teacher) • Oh, the curry was hot hot. (Shop clerk) • At one time I like pork very much, you know---morning pork, afternoon pork, eveningpork, every meal pork pork pork pork. (Ho 1998:13) • My father’s diet is all meat meat meat meat meat. He died of a mild stroke. (ibid)

12. 1. practice of face 2. face negotiation 3. maintain (strive for) some amount of face 4. hold up the Chinese face to the world 5. she hasn’t showed us the least amount of face 6. you shouldn’t have given her so much face 7. you are simply losing my face 8. a Chinese way of giving face to somebody 9. love (desire) for face10. give (grant) me some face11. reject (refuse) face12. rather die to save face13. take my face into consideration 14. your face is bigger than mine15. there is no faceless communication 16. hierarchical face17. group face18. care for the other’s face 19. have no face (left)20. faceless Jia (2005) China English: face collocations 12

13. Japanese English 1. “We went to Kyoto by car yesterday.” 　　(cf. “We drove to Kyoto yesterday.”) 2. “I went there. Why didn’t you come?” 　　(cf. “I was there. Where were you?”) 3. “This restaurant is very delicious.” 13

14. World Englishes: A Useful Concept Larry Smith,ed. (1983) Readings in English as an International Language (1) English belongs to the world and every nation which uses it does so with different tone, colour, and quality. English is an international…language. It is yours (no matter who you are) as much as it is mine (no matter who I am). We may use it for different purposes and different lengths of time on different occasions, but nonetheless it belongs to all of us. English is one of the languages of Japan, Korea, Micronesia, and the Philippines. It is one of the languages of the Republic of China, Thailand, and the United States. No one needs to become more like Americans, the British, the Australians, the Canadians or any other English speaker in order to lay claim on the language. (2)

15. Expanding West African EnglishHe has long legs. East African English It’s porridge. African EnglishThey blamed him, they blamed him for all the troubles that have befallen our land. Areas Native Speakers Have Explored Singapore/Malaysian EnglishYou wait here, lah. The Expanding Capacity of English

16. Global Spread of English ① English as a British/ American Language(Native Speaker Varieties as the Standard) ② English as a Multicultural Language(Intervarietal Incommunicability)

17. A Case of Intervarietal Incommunicability“My Mother Isn’t Well, Sir.” There was a quiet knock at the door and in came a young Chinese police constable. He was, of course, wearing his uniform. He saluted the superintendent and stood smartly to attention in front of the large wooden desk.

18. A Case of Intervarietal Incommunicability“My Mother Isn’t Well, Sir.” ‘Yes?’ enquired the superintendent. ‘My mother is not very well, sir’, started the constable. ‘Yes?’, repeated the superintendent,a frown appearing on his brow. ‘She has to go into hospital, sir’, continued the constable. ‘So?’ ‘On Thursday, sir’.

19. A Case of Intervarietal Incommunicability“My Mother Isn’t Well, Sir.” The superintendent’s frown was replaced by a look of exasperation. ‘What is it that you want?’, he asked sternly. At this direct question, the constable’s face fell and he simply mumbled, ‘Nothing, sir. It’s all right’, and turned and left the room.

20. A Case of Intervarietal Incommunicability“My Mother Isn’t Well, Sir.” As soon as the door had closed the superintendent turned to me and said: ‘You see. A classic case. They can’t get to the point.’ ‘So, what would you want him to say?’, I asked. ‘Well, instead of beating around the bush, he should come straight to the point.

21. He obviously wants some leave so he can look after his mother. He should ask for leave and not waste my time going on about his poor mother.’ ‘You want him to say something like, “Can I have some leave please, sir?”’ ‘Yes, exactly’, replied the superintendent. Source: Honna, Kirkpatrick and Gilbert (2000) English Across Cultures.16-17. Tokyo: Sanshusha A Case of Intervarietal Incommunicability“My Mother Isn’t Well, Sir.”

22. Pedagogy Matters Who Do You Think Is ResponsibleFor the Communication Breakdown?("My Mother Isn't Well, Sir.") 1. The British superintendent? 2. The Chinese constable? 3. Both? 4. I don’t know.

23. Who Do You Think Is ResponsibleFor the Communication Breakdown? N=138(2000)

24. Asian Conversation (1) Chinese:"My mother is not very well, sir."Japanese:"Oh, I'm sorry. You mustbe worried." Chinese:"She has to go into hospital, sir."Japanese:"When?" Chinese:"On Thursday, sir."Japanese:"If you want to take a leave, I suggest you do not hesitate to ask. Take one when needed."

25. Asian Conversation (2) Chinese:"My mother is not very well, sir." Japanese:"Oh, you must be worried. Would you want to take a leave and take care of your mother? "

26. Global Spread of English ①English as a British/American Language (Native Speaker Varieties as the Standard) ②English as a Multicultural Language (Intervarietal Incommunicability) ③Standardization ④Diversity Management (Intercultural Awareness)

27. Intercultural Literacy throughAwareness of Language (1) Intercultural literacy is an awareness, attitude, preparedness, and competence to transmit own message and understand others’ appropriately in a cross-cultural encounter. (2) It involves an ability to adjust intercultural differences in a mutually beneficial manner. (3) Intercultural literacy is the literacy of the fourth kind after basic literacy, media literacy, and information literacy. (4) It is expected to be introduced to the school curriculum across disciplines from primary, through secondary, to tertiary education. Honna (2003:165-170)

28. Diversity Management: Intercultural Literacy ↓ Teaching Awareness of Language (Understanding How Language is Designed And How People Use Language) ↓ Improving Sensitivity to, and Tolerance of Linguistic Diversity (Overcoming Inconveniences of Incommunicability of English as a Multicultural Language)

29. Awareness of Language for English Across Cultures ①Cognitive linguistics ②Sociolinguistics

30. Choice of Terms of First Person Singular and Second Person Singular in Japanese Governed by Social Relation Rules niisan otōsan anata kimi watashi boku boku omae name boku omae name ojisan kimibōya name + chan sensei otōsan name + kun, san omae name Adapted from Suzuki (1973, p.148) 30

31. Differences Are Not a Threat Automobile Terms British bonnetbootbumperdip switchgear leverfasciaindicatorsilencerwindscreen American hoodtrunkfenderdimmerstick shiftdashboardblinkermufflerwindshield

32. English for international communication English for intranational communication Conclusion: Centrifugaland Centripetal

33. References • Donmall, B. G. (ed.). 1985. Language Awareness. London: Centre for Information on Language and Research (CILT). • Hawkins, E. 1987. Awareness of Language: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • -----1992. Awareness of Language/Knowledge About Language in the Curriculum in England and Wales: An Historical Note on Twenty Years of Curriculum Debate. Language Awareness, 1 (1), 5-17. • Honna, Nobuyuki. 2003. Sekaino Eigowo Aruku (Exloring World Englishes). Tokyo: Shueisha. • ----- 2008. English as a Multicultural Language in Asian Contexts: Issues and Ideas. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.

34. References (continued) • James, C. & Garrett, P. (eds). 1991. Language Awareness in the Classroom. London: Longman. • Jia, Yuxin. 2005. “The Chinese Concept of Face and Face Negotiation in Conflict Resolution.” In Honna, N. and Matsuda, T., eds. 2005. English as an International Language. 251-272. Tokyo: ALC Press, Inc. • Smith, Larry, ed. 1983. Readings in English as an International Language. Oxford: Pergamon Press. • Suzuki, Takao. 1973. Kotoba to Bunka (Language and Culture). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

35. Thank you very much!