Medical Terminology

1. Chapter 11: Digestive System Medical Terminology

2. Chapter 11 Abbreviations • a.c. • DAT • NAS • NG • NPO • p.c. • p.o. • TPN • before meals (ante cibum) • diet as tolerated • no added salt • nasogastric • nothing by mouth • after meals (post cibum) • by mouth (per os) • total parenteral nutrition (all nutrients given IV, along with vitamins and minerals. Replaces need to eat)

3. Chapter 11 Abbreviations • BE • EGD • ERCP • GB • GI • procto • UGI • barium enema • esophagogastroduodenoscopy • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography • gallbladder • gastrointestinal • proctoscopy • upper gastrointestinal

4. Chapter 11 Abbreviations • BM • BMI • BS • C&S • GERD • bowel movement • body mass index • bowel sounds • culture and sensitivity (identifies bacteria growth and what antibiotic destroys it) • gastroesophageal reflux disease

5. The Digestive System • Also known as alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal(GI) tract • Function • Functions of the digestive tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

6. The Digestive System • Organs of the Digestive Tract • Mouth • opening through which food passes into the body • breaks food into small particles by mastication(chewing) and mixing with saliva • tongue: consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. Provides movement of food, directs food, and major organ for taste and speech

7. The Digestive System • palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity • soft palate: posterior portion, not supported by bone • hard palate: anterior portion, supported by bone • uvula: soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat • pharynx, throat • performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus • esophagus • 10-inch (25cm) tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Peristalsis begins in the esophagus

8. The Digestive System • stomach • J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. Secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control • cardia: area around the opening of the esophagus • fundus: uppermost domes portion of the stomach • body: central portion of the stomach • antrum: lower portion of the stomach • pylorus: portion of the stomach that connects to the sm. intestine • pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

9. The Digestive System • small intestine • 20-ft (6m) canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption, the passage of the nutrients from the small intestine to the blood stream, takes place through the villi, fingerlike projections that line the walls • duodenum: first 10-12in. of sm. intestine • jejunum: 2nd portion of sm. intestine, approx. 8ft. • ileum: 3rd portion of sm. intestine, approx. 11ft., connects to the lg. intestine

10. The Digestive System • large intestine • canal that is approximately 5ft (1.5m) long and extends from the ileum to the anus. Absorption of water and elimination of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the lg. intestine • cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine • colon: next portion of the lg. intestine. Divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid • rectum: remaining portion of the lag. intestine, ~ 8-10 in. (20cm) long, extending from sigmoid colon to anus • anus • sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract

11. The Digestive System • Accessory Organs to the Digestive System • salivary glands • produce saliva, which flows into mouth • liver • produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. Performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism • bile ducts • passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct carries bile from the liver, cystic duct carries bile from the GB. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively, these passageways are referred to as the biliary tract.

12. The Digestive System • gallbladder (GB) • small, saclike structure that stores bile • pancreas • produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism

13. The Digestive System • Other Structures in the Digestive System • peritoneum • serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities • appendix • small pouch, which has no known function in digestion, attached to the cecum (vermiform appendix) • abdomen • portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

14. The Digestive System Accessory Organs

15. The Digestive System Large Intestine Oral Cavity

16. The Digestive System The pathway of food

17. Word Parts for Digestive Tract Combining Form Definition • an/o • cec/o • col/o, colon/o • duoden/o • enter/o • esophag/o • gastr/o • ile/o • jejun/o • or/o, stomat/o • proct/o, rect/o • sigmoid/o • anus • cecum • colon (usually denotes lg. intestine) • duodenum • intestine (usually denotes sm. intestine) • esophagus • stomach • ileum • jejunum • mouth • rectum • sigmoid colon

18. Word Parts commonly used with Digestive System Combining Form Definition • abdomin/o, lapar/o • append/o, appendic/o • cheil/o • cholangi/o • chol/e • choledoch/o • diverticul/o • gingiv/o • abdomen • appendix • lip • bile duct • gall, bile • common bile duct • diverticulum, or blind pouch extending from a hollow organ • gum

19. Word Parts commonly used with Digestive System Combining Form Definition • gloss/o, lingu/o • hepat/o • herni/o • palat/o • pancreat/o • peritone/o • polyp/o • pylor/o • uvul/o • tongue • liver • hernia, or protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall • palate • pancreas • peritoneum • polyp, small growth • pylorus, pyloric sphincter • uvula

20. Word Parts for Digestive System Prefix Definition • hemi- • half Suffix Definition • -pepsia • digestion

21. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • appendicitis • cholangioma • cholecystitis • choledocholithiasis • cholelithiasis • diverticulitis • diverticulosis • esophagitis • gastritis • gastroenteritis

22. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • gastroenterocolitis • gingivitis • hepatitis • hepatoma • palatitis • pancreatitis • peritonitis • polyposis • proctoptosis • rectocele • uvulitis

23. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • adhesion • cirrhosis • abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy • chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

24. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • gastroesoph-ageal reflux disease (GERD) • hemorrhoids • ileus • the abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus • swollen or distended veins in the rectal area, which may be internal or external, and can be a source of rectal bleeding • obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis

25. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • obesity • peptic ulcer • polyp • excess of body fat (not body weight) • eroded area of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs • often referred to as gastric or duodenal ulcer, depending on its location • tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, and intestines

26. Med Terms (form word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • abdominocentesis • abdominoplasty • anoplasty • appendectomy • cheilorrhaphy • cholecystectomy • choledocholithotomy • colectomy • colostomy • diverticulectomy • enterorrhaphy

27. Med Terms (form word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • esophagogastroplasty • gastrectomy • gastrojejunostomy • gastroplasty • gastrostomy • gingivectomy • glossorrhaphy • hemicolectomy • herniorrhaphy • ileostomy

28. Med Terms (form word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • laparotomy • palatoplasty • polypectomy • pyloromyotomy • pyloroplasty • uvulectomy • uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

29. Med Terms (not form word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • anastomosis • bariatric surgery • hemorrhoidectomy • vagotomy • an opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments • surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity causing serious illness • excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the rectal region • cutting of certain braches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

30. Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition DIAGNOSTIC • cholangiogram • cholangiography • esophagogram ENDOSCOPY • colonoscope • colonoscopy • endoscope • endoscopy

31. Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition • esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) • esophagoscopy • gastroscope • gastroscopy • laparoscope • laparoscopy • proctoscope • proctoscopy • sigmoidoscopy

32. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition DIAGNOSTIC • barium enema • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreat-ography (ERCP) • series of radiographic images taken of the lg. intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (lower GI series) • radiographic exam of the biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy; used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer

33. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition • upper GI series LABORATORY • fecal occult blood test • series of radiographic images taken of the stomach and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been swallowed • a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing (guaiac test)

34. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complementary Terms] Term Definition • abdominal • anal • aphagia • colerectal • duodenal • dyspepsia • dysphagia • enteropathy • esophageal • gastric

35. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • gastroenterologist • gastroenterology • gastromalacia • glossopathy • ileocecal • nasogastric • oral • pancreatic • peritoneal

36. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • proctologist • proctology • rectal • stomatitis • stomatogastric • sublingual

37. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • ascites • diarrhea • dysentery • emesis • feces • abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity • frequent discharge of liquid stool • disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine (usually the lg. intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain • expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (vomiting) • waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (stool or fecal matter)

38. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • flatus • gastric lavage • gavage • hematemesis • malabsorption • melena • gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus • washing out of the stomach • process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube • vomiting of blood • impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients • black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

39. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • nausea • peristalsis • reflux • stoma • vomiting • enema • urge to vomit • involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract • abnormal backward flow • in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus • surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation • expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (emesis) • introduction of fluids/meds into rectum and lg. intesting