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Nervous System Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Principles of Health Science 2012

Nervous System Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Principles of Health Science 2012. Cerebral Palsy. Disturbance in voluntary muscle action Caused by brain damage Lack of oxygen to the brain and/or birth injuries Prenatal rubella (German measles) and infections Prematurity. Symptoms:.

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Nervous System Diseases and Abnormal Conditions Principles of Health Science 2012

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  1. Nervous SystemDiseases and Abnormal ConditionsPrinciples of Health Science 2012

  2. Cerebral Palsy • Disturbance in voluntary muscle action • Caused by brain damage • Lack of oxygen to the brain and/or birth injuries • Prenatal rubella (German measles) and infections • Prematurity

  3. Symptoms: • Exaggerated reflexes and seizures • Tense muscles and development of contractures • Speech impairment • Spasms and tremors • Mental retardation in some cases

  4. Treatment (no cure): • Physical, occupational, and speech therapy • Muscle relaxants and anticonvulsive drugs • Braces and Casts • Orthopedic surgery for severe contractures

  5. Brain Tumors • May be benign, malignant, or metastatic

  6. Symptoms: • Headache • recurrent or progressive • more severe in a.m. • Vomiting • Coordination Disturbance • Visual Changes • Behavioral Changes • Decreased muscle strength • Paralysis • Seizures • Dizziness/Vertigo

  7. Diagnostics: • Symptoms • EEG • CAT Scan • MRI

  8. Treatment: • Surgical Excision • Radiation • Chemotherapy • Steroids

  9. Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) • Also known as a stroke • Blood flow to the brain is impaired resulting in lack of oxygen and destruction of brain tissue (necrosis)

  10. Etiology or Causes: • Cerebral hemorrhage resulting from hypertension, aneurysm or weak blood vessel • Occlusion or blockage caused by atherosclerosis or a thrombus (blood clot or embolism)

  11. Risk Factors: • Hypertension • Diabetes • Conditions associated with atherosclerotic disease of carotid, subclavian, or vertebral arteries

  12. Symptoms: • Loss of consciousness • Weakness and/or vertigo • Paralysis on one side of body (hemiplegia) • Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing • Visual disturbances and mental confusion • Aphasia (speech and language impairment) • Incontinence initially • TIA – transient ischemic attach or “mini stroke” – brief episode of neurological dysfunction; can lead to CVA

  13. Treatment: • Care during first three hours can help prevent brain damage • Thrombolytic or “clot busting” drugs (TPA) • Angioplasty of cerebral arteries can dissolve blood clot and restore blood flow to brain • CAT scans to determine cause of CVA. TPA can not be used if CVA is caused by a hemorrhage • Medications to decrease cerebral edema (diuretics/steroids)

  14. General Treatment: • Depends on symptoms present • Directed toward helping pt. recover from or adapt to symptoms present • Physical, occupational, and speech therapy essential

  15. Encephalitis • Inflammation of the brain causes by a virus, bacteria, or chemical agent

  16. Etiology: • Complication following a viral infection such as chickenpox, measles, and mumps • Exposure to a vector such as mosquito or tick • Exposure to chemical agents

  17. Symptoms: • Fever • Weakness/lethargy • Visual disturbances • Headache • Vomiting • Seizure • Changes in level of consciousness

  18. Treatment: • Antiviral drugs if viral in origin • Antibiotics if bacterial in origin • Anticonvulsants • Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance • Monitoring of respiratory and kidney function

  19. Epilepsy or Seizure Disorder Brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain

  20. Etiology: • Brain injury • Birth trauma • Toxins such as lead or carbon monoxide • Infections • Can be idiopathic (spontaneous, unknown cause)

  21. Types of Seizures: • Petit Mal • Milder • Loss of consciousness • Lasts a few seconds • More common in children

  22. Grand Mal or Tonic-Clonic • Most severe • Loss of consciousness • Lasts several minutes • Convulsions with violent shaking and thrashing • May exhibit hypersalivation which causes foaming at the mouth • Loss of body functions

  23. Treatment: • Anticonvulsant drugs • Surgical intervention

  24. Hydrocephalus • Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles and, in some cases, the subarachnoid space

  25. Etiology: • Congenital defect • Infection • Tumor

  26. Symptoms: • Abnormally enlarged head and prominent forehead with bulging eyes • Irritability • Distended scalp veins • Retardation when pressure prevents proper development of the brain

  27. Treatment: • Surgical implantation of a shunt (tube) between the ventricles and usually the abdominal peritoneal cavity or right atrium to drain excess fluid • Surgical removal if an obstructing lesion • Goal is to prevent pressure on the brain which would prevent proper development of the brain

  28. Meningitis • Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and / or spinal cord caused by bacteria, virus, fungus, or toxins such as lead and arsenic

  29. Systems: • High fever • Headache, back and neck pain, stiffness • Nausea and vomiting • Delirium and convulsions • Coma and death if not treated

  30. Treatment: • Antibiotics • Anticonvulsants • Medications for pain and cerebral edema

  31. Multiple Sclerosis Chronic, progressive disabling condition resulting from degeneration of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system; thought to be an autoimmune disease

  32. MS continued: • Increased incidence in women • Usually occurs between the ages of 20-40 • Etiology – Unknown • Progresses at different rates and has periods of remission

  33. Early Symptoms: • Visual disturbances • Weakness • Fatigue • Poor coordination • Tingling and numbness

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