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Situation of Children and Women in India

Situation of Children and Women in India. Dr KANUPRIYA CHATURVEDI Dr S.K CHATURVEDI. India - 2001. Population 1027 million Children 0-14 350 million (34%) Children 0-6 158 million (15%). Source: Census, 2001. Uttar Pradesh Bihar Maharastra Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Andhra Pradesh

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Situation of Children and Women in India

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  1. Situation of Children and Women in India Dr KANUPRIYA CHATURVEDI Dr S.K CHATURVEDI

  2. India - 2001 Population 1027 million Children 0-14 350 million (34%) Children 0-6 158 million (15%) Source: Census, 2001

  3. Uttar Pradesh Bihar Maharastra Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Karnataka Gujarat Orissa Kerala Assam Pakistan Bangladesh Iran Vietnam Philippines Ethiopia Zaire Thailand Myanmar Tanzania Sudan Canada Iraq 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 Child population in millions India : The scale of things... Population: 1,027 million Children 0-18: 380 million (37%) Many states have child populations similar to large countries

  4. India in the developing world...

  5. Infant Mortality Rate, 2002 Maternal Mortality Ratio, 1998 India - 64 India - 540 Source: SRS October, 2003 Source: NFHS, 1998, SRS, 1998

  6. IMR among Indian States: 2002 There is an 77 point difference between Orissa (87 per 1,000) and Kerala (10 per 1,000) Source: SRS October, 2003

  7. … and within the states Infant Mortality Rate Source: Census, 1991

  8. Per cent 20-30 Per cent 30-40 40-47 0-10 10-20 Above 20 Above 47 Low Birth Weight Malnutrition India : 47% (children moderately to severely underweight) India : 22% Source: MICS, 2000 Source: NFHS, 1998

  9. HIV + U5MR Indicators of vulnerability

  10. Disparities in school attendance • Children age 5-14 years currently attending school

  11. Gender Bias- Sex Ratio • Total • 0-6 Years 1991 : 927 2001 : 933 1991 : 945 2001 : 927 Declining Child Sex Ratio Source: Census

  12. Birth registration Only 35% births are registered

  13. Disparities - Rural/Urban

  14. 20 18 15 15 % of children aged 5-14 years working for someone else 10 8 5 4 5 3 2 2 2 2 0 Madhya Punjab Kerala Uttar Bihar Orissa India Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Pradesh Pradesh Child Labour • 5% of children aged 5 -14 years in India work as child labourers working for someone else

  15. Bihar 34 Uttar Pradesh 43 There is a 54 point differential between the highest and lowest state level female literacy rates Rajasthan 44 India 54 Tamil Nadu 65 Maharashtra 68 Kerala 88 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % literate females (7+) Inter-state female literacy differentials: India 2001

  16. Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Chandigarh Punjab Uttaranchal Haryana Delhi Arunachal Pradesh Sikkim Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Assam Nagaland Bihar Meghalaya Manipur Tripura Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh West Bengal Mizoram Gujarat Chhattisgarh Daman & Diu Orissa Dadra & Nagar Haveli Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Goa Karnataka Pondicherry Lakshadweep Andaman & Nicobar Islands Tamil Nadu Kerala States implementing Juvenile Justice Act 2000

  17. Early marriage • 65% of girls in India are married by the age of 18 • 33% are married by the time they are 15 years of age • Another 31% are married between 15 to 18 years of age

  18. Urban Rural 548 683 846 1027 PROGRESS • Reduction in poverty (Millions) Urban Population (Millions)

  19. 90 80.1 80 75.6 72.2 70 65.2 63.2 59.2 60 54 51.5 50 1991 44 38.7 2001 40 30 20 10 0 Male Rural Total Female Urban PROGRESS • Increase in Literacy

  20. PROGRESS • Decline in IMR Urban [Rural 69; Urban 40; Total 64] Rural

  21. Goal 45 66 55 PROGRESS - TOO SLOW • Infant Mortality Rate, 1971-2007

  22. There was good progress in infant mortality reduction during the 1980s ... … but progress has slowed since 1993. Slow progress in ... … reducing infant mortality Deaths per 1,000 live births

  23. But better progress in ... … basic education ... School attendance rates (6-14 years) rose from 68% in 92-93 to 79% in 98-99 … and access to drinking water Households using improved drinking water sources: 83% Protected sources of drinking water : Handpump & Piped water

  24. 20 17 16 16 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 12 13 12 12 12 12 12 10 Defence % of Aggregate Expenditure Stagnation in social sector Social Services* Health and Family Welfare 5 Education 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 0 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 (RE) (BE) * Includes food, subsidies, health, family welfare, education, rural development, urban development, welfare of SC/STs and other expenditures Expenditure - Social Sectors • Government Expenditures as % of aggregate expenditure

  25. Reduction in poverty (Millions) Decline in IMR The polio campaign has had a dramatic impact ... [Rural 69; Urban 40; Total 64] Urban Rural Source: Economic Survey Population (Millions) Source: SRS October, 2003 548 683 846 1027 Increase in Literacy Source: Census, 1991 & 2001 Source: SEAR Polio Bulletin, WHO

  26. Over 50% associated with malnutrition The right to survive :Global top child killers CDN Health Child Environ 17% Source: WHO, 1997

  27. India’s Annual Growth Rate (%)

  28. External Assistance as % of GDP

  29. Distribution of Infant Deaths 62 % infant deaths occur within one month of birth Source: Sample Registration System

  30. Underlying factors: malnutrition, hygiene, care practices 47% of children aged under three are malnourished. At the current rate of 1% reduction per year, there will still be 29 million malnourished children in 2015. 35% of households use a toilet. On current trends, only 75% of households will have toilets by 2025

  31. Vaccination Coverage% of children fully immunised TN (95%) AP (63%) Gujarat (57%) INDIA (48%) MP (33%) UP (29%) Bihar (22%) Sources: CES, NFHS, MICS and RCH2

  32. % Children not Received Any Vaccine by Selected Characteristics Standard of living Residence Education Source: RCH Survey, 2002

  33. Underweight Among Children, 2002(2,23,084 children were covered) Source: RCH Survey, 2002

  34. Underweight Among Children by State Source: RCH Survey, 2002

  35. Anaemia Among Pregnant Women by State Source: RCH Survey, 2002

  36. > 5% among high risk groups < 5% among high risk groups > 1% among pregnant women HIV/AIDS: A threat to survival, growth and development 1994 1998 2000 In 2001, there were 3.97 million people with AIDS.

  37. Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls (1,71,645 girls aged 10 - 19 years) 5% 24% 28% 43% Source: RCH Survey, 2002

  38. Key Points • Many states have child populations similar to large countries. • IMR continues to be high and is not commensurate with the economic growth of the country There is an 77 point difference between Orissa (87 per 1,000) and Kerala (10 per 1,000) and MMR is at a staggering high. • 22% of the children are low birth weight and 47% of the underfive are malnourished • There is decline in sex ratio and some of the states like Haryana , Punjab are the worst affected. * *

  39. Key Points (contd.) • Only 35% of the births are registered. • 5% of children aged 5 -14 years in India work as child labourers working for someone else • There is a 54 point differential between the highest and lowest state level female literacy rate • 65% of girls in India are married by the age of 18. 33% are married by the time they are 15 years of age.Another 31% are married between 15 to 18 years of age

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