Plants, Herbivores, and Parasitoids A Model System for the study of Tri-Trophic Associations

1. Plants, Herbivores, and ParasitoidsA Model System for the study of Tri-Trophic Associations Katja Seltmann, NSF ADBC Digitization TCN, iDigBio Paleocollections Workshop, April 2012. (tcn.amnh.org)

2. TCN Partnerstcn.amnh.org ENTOMOLOGY • Randall Schuh, American Museum of Natural History • Christine Johnson, American Museum of Natural History • Christiane Weirauch, University of California, Riverside • John Heraty, University of California, Riverside • Charles Bartlett, University of Delaware • Benjamin Normark, University of Massachusetts, Amherst • Katja Seltmann, American Museum of Natural History • Neal Evenhuis, BP Bishop Museum, Honolulu • David Kavanaugh ,California Academy of Sciences • Stephen D. Gaimari ,California Dept. Food and Agriculture • Chen Young, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg • Boris C. Kondratieff, Colorado State University • James K. Liebherr, Cornell University • Dmitry Dmitriev, Illinois Natural History Survey • Richard Brown, Mississippi State University • Andy Deans, North Carolina State University • David Maddison, Oregon State University • Christopher Marshall, Oregon State University • John Oswald, Texas A&M University • Kipling Will, University of California, Berkeley • Caroline Chaboo , University of Kansas • Michael Sharkey , University of Kentucky • John Pickering, University of Georgia Data Contributors • Canadian National Collection, Ottawa • University of California, Davis • Kansas State University BOTANY • Robert Naczi, New York Botanical Garden • Robert Magill, Missouri Botanical Garden • Richard Rabeler, University of Michigan • Melissa Tulig, New York Botanical Garden • Barbara Thiers, New York Botanical Garden • Kim Watson, New York Botanical Garden • Margaret Koopman, Eastern Michigan University • Loy Phillippe, Illinois Natural History Survey • Deborah Lewis, Iowa State University • Michael Vincent, Miami University • Timothy Hogan, University of Colorado • Mary Ann Feist, University of Illinois • Craig Freeman, University of Kansas • Christopher Cambell, University of Maine • Anita Cholewa, University of Minnesota • Beryl Simpson, University of Texas • Kenneth Cameron, University of Wisconsin Data Contributors • Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria • Consortium of California Herbaria • Southwest Biodiversity Consortium

3. A Tri-Trophic Approach About 85% of Hemiptera are herbivorous with high host specificity for many plant families (e.g., Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, and Poaceae) Hempitera are serious agricultural pests (armored scales, mealy bugs, potato leafhoppers, Lygus bugs) Vectors of viral and bacterial diseases (Green peach aphid is a vector of over 100 plant viruses) Parasitic Hymenoptera are very beneficial as biological control agents The relationship among these groups is of significant ecological and economic importance

4. A Tri-Trophic Example Crop Plants (Solanaceae) Aphids (Hemiptera) Parasitoids Plants Insect Herbivores Parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) Produce fruits and tubers a significant economic value. Pierce stems and leaves to feed on the plants – specialize on one species or numerous species, reduce plant vigor or transmit disease, cause reduction in yield or make fruits or tubers inedible. Lay eggs directly inside the aphids and consume them from the inside out. feeds_on parasitizes Is_parasitized_by Is_fed_on_by

5. Species Diversity in the North American Biota Insects Plants

6. Insect Specimen Digitization

7. Plant Specimen Digitization

8. 1,332,000 + 2,565,000 3,897,000 Data from us Data from others Data that fits Data that does not ---------- cool stuff is in the specifics

9. What can be done with these 4,000,000 combined data records? Systematics: assembly of specimen data Biogeography: large data pool for studies of endemism Ecology: host-herbivore-parasitoid relationships and origins Conservation biology: management decision making Agricultural sciences: invasive/pest species data and management, identifications at ports Climate change studies: ecological niche modeling; phenological changes; distributional changes workshop

10. TTD-TCN Critical Data Challenges

11. TTD-TCN Critical Challenges Differences in workflow depending on trophic level Adequately train personnel transform data streamline process Insure accuracy of specimen identifications Integrate data across databases host data standardization Implement authority files for all groups Long term sustainability

12. Train Personnel 30+ Institutions across the US

13. Streamlined Workflow for Rapid Data Entry Botanical Collections

14. Streamlined Workflow for Rapid Data Entry Entomological Collections

15. Accuracy of Identifications Curation and collection staging Imaging

16. Fitness for Use

17. Data Merging and Exposure • Exposed through many portals • Discover Life • GBIF • iDigBio • tcn.amnh.org (project website) Host Darwin Core extension Authority files working group

18. neo/paleo

19. Similarities (most things) • Many, many specimens in a collection • No room for barcodes on some objects • Much database work already done • Lot vs Specimen (many specimens on one object) • Community concerns (long term sustainability and funding) • Protected data

20. Slide Collections • Slides

22. Differences Types Time & locality Organization

24. Thanks to:co-PIs and collaboratorsNational Foundation grant ADBC#1115144 nationalgeographic.com