Introducci ó a la Bioinformàtica Roderic Guigó i Serra roderic.guigo@crgt

1. Introducció a la BioinformàticaRoderic Guigó i Serraroderic.guigo@crg.cat Bioinformàtica, UPF Curs 2010-

2. US-EC Workshop on Marine Genomics, Washington DC fall 2010 Training the next generation of Biologists Roderic Guigó, roderic.guigo@crg.cat Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona

3. Why “next generation biologists” should be trained differently than biologists of previous generations?

4. Why “next generation biologists” should be trained differently than biologists of previous generations? • The impact of technology • in the way we do Biology

5. Technology is not new to Biology In 1676 his credibility was questioned when he sent the Royal Society a copy of his first observations of microscopic single celled organisms. Heretofore, the existence of single celled organisms was entirely unknown … The Royal Society arranged to send an English vicar, as well as a team of respected jurists and doctors to Delft, Holland to determine whether it was in fact Van Leeuwenhoek's ability to observe and reason clearly (wikipedia)

6. Two moments in the second half of the past century 1. Sequencing (Sanger et al) ACTCAGCCCCAGCGGAGGTGAAGGACGTCCTTCCCCAGGAGCCGGTGAGAAGCGCAGTCGGGGGCACGGGGATGAGCTCAGGGGCCTCTAGAAAGATGTAGCTGGGACCTCGGGAAGCCCTGGCCTCCAGGTAGTCTCAGGAGAGCTACTCAGGGTCGGGCTTGGGGAGAGGAGGAGCGGGGGTGAGGCCAGCAGCAGGGGACTGGACCTGGGAAGGGCTGGGCAGCAGAGACGACCCGACCCGCTAGAAGGTGGGGTGGGGAGAGCATGTGGACTAGGAGCTAAGCCACAGCAGGACCCCCACGAGTTGTCACTGTCATTTATCGAGCACCTACTGGGTGTCCCCAGTGTCCTCAGATCTCCATAACTGGGAAGCCAGGGGCAGCGACACGGTAGCTAGCCGTCGATTGGAGAACTTTAAAATGAGGACTGAATTAGCTCATAAATGGAAAACGGCGCTTAAATGTGAGGTTAGAGCTTAGAATGTGAAGGGAGAATGAGGAATGCGAGACTGGGACTGAGATGGAACCGGCGGTGGGGAGGGGGAGGGGGTGTGGAATTTGAACCCCGGGAGAGAAAGATGGAATTTTGGCTATGGAGGCCGACCTGGGGATGGGGAAATAAGAGAAGACCAGGAGGGAGTTAAATAGGGAATGGGTTGGGGGCGGCTTGGTAACTGTTTGTGCTGGGATTAGGCTGTTGCAGATAATGGAGCAAGGCTTGGAAGGCTAACCTGGGGTGGGGCCGGGTTGGGGTCGGGCTGGGGGCGGGAGGAGTCCTCACTGGCGGTTGATTGACAGTTTCTCCTTCCCCAGACTGGCCAATCACAGGCAGGAAGATGAAGGTTCTGTGGGCTGCGTTGCTGGTCACATTCCTGGCAGGTATGGGGCGGGGCTTGCTCGGTTTTCCCCGCTTCTCCCCCTCTCATCCTCACCTCAACCTCCTGGCCCCATTCAAGCACACCCTGGGCCCCCTCTTCTTCTGCTGGTCTGTCCCCTGAGGGGAAAGCCCAGGTCTGAGGCTTCTATGCTGCTTTCTGGCTCAGAACAGCGATTTGACGCTCTGTGAGCCTCGGTTCCTCCCCCGCTTTTTTTTTTTCAGCCAGAGTCTCACTCTGTCGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGCGCAATCTCAGCTCACTGCAAGCTCCGCCTCCCGGGTTCACGCTATTCTCCCGCCTCAGCCTCCCGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGCGCCCGCCACCATGCCCGGCTAATTTTTTGTACTTTGAGTAGGGAAGGGGTTTCACTGTATTATCCAGGATGGTCTCTATCTCCTGACCTCGTGATCTGCCCGCCTGGCCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGAATTACAGGCGTGAGCCTCCGCGCCCGGCCTCCCCATCCTTAATATAGGAGTTAGAAGTTTTTGTTTGTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGAGATGAAGTCCCTCTGTCGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGCTCCCAGGCTGGAGTTCAGTGGCTGGATCTCGGCTCACTGCAAGCTCCGCCTCCCAGGTTCACGCCATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCCTCCGGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGAACATGCCACCACACCCGACTAACTTTTTTTGTATTTTTAGTAGAGACGGGGTTTCACCATGTTGGCCAGGCTGGTCTGGAACTCCTG

7. Two moments in the second half of the past century 2. mutliplexing, automating,… • Surveying many things at once • Surveying whole systems

8. From analytic to syntetic Biology is transitioning (at least partially) from an “analytic” science: the real world is disected in its elemental components in order to be comprehended to “syntetic” science: the challenge is the integration of globlal information on the living cell/individual/population/(eco)sytem.

9. From data acquisition to data analysis Biology, a science in which the effort has traditionally been directed towards data aquisition has become in a very short time a discipline in which the data is obtained with almost no human intervention, and the effort is turning towards data analysis.

10. DNA microarrays

11. Sequencing Evolution/Revolution 1990: thousand bases/day 2000: million bases/day 2010: billion bases/day

12. Further Evolution of Large-scale Genome Sequencing 2000: Human genome working drafts Data unit of approximately 10x coverage of human 10 years and cost about $3 billion Slide from Paul Flicek. EBI Bioinformatics Advisory Council • 2008: Major genome centers can sequence the same number of base pairs every 4 days • 1000 Genome project launched • World-wide capacity dramatically increasing • 2009: Every 4 hours ($25,000) • 2010: Every 14 minutes ($5,000) • Illumina HiSeq2000 machine produces 200 gigabases per 8 day run (BGI have ordered have 128)

15. la llei de Moore

17. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Within individual ecosystems • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq and nucleosome positioning • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

18. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Within individual ecosystems • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq and nucleosome positioning • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

19. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Within individual ecosystems • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq and nucleosome positioning • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

20. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Ecosystems (enviromental, individual) • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq and nucleosome positioning • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

21. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Ecosystems (enviromental, individual) • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq and nucleosome positioning • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

22. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Ecosystems (enviromental, individual) • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq and nucleosome positioning • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

23. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Ecosystems (enviromental, individual) • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq, nucleosome positioning, … • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

24. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Ecosystems (enviromental, individual) • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq, nucleosome positioning, … • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

25. Sequencing challenges • Sequencing to survey dynamics of ecosystems • Metagenomes • Ecosystems (enviromental, individual) • Other species genomes • Reference Human Genome • Individual genomes • Individual meta-genomes • Within individual genomic diversity • Sequencing as the read-out of experiments • Chip-Seq, nucleosome positioning, … • RNA sequencing as a proxy to the cell’s phenotype

26. ACTCAGCCCCAGCGGAGGTGAAGGACGTCCTTCCCCAGGAGCCGGTGAGAAGCGCAGTCGGGGGCACGGGGATGAGCTCAGGGGCCTCTAGAAAGATGTAGCTGGGACCTCGGGAAGCCCTGGCCTCCAGGTAGTCTCAGGAGAGCTACTCAGGGTCGGGCTTGGGGAGAGGAGGAGCGGGGGTGAGGCCAGCAGCAGGGGACTGGACCTGGGAAGGGCTGGGCAGCAGAGACGACCCGACCCGCTAGAAGGTGGGGTGGGGAGAGCATGTGGACTAGGAGCTAAGCCACAGCAGGACCCCCACGAGTTGTCACTGTCATTTATCGAGCACCTACTGGGTGTCCCCAGTGTCCTCAGATCTCCATAACTGGGAAGCCAGGGGCAGCGACACGGTAGCTAGCCGTCGATTGGAGAACTTTAAAATGAGGACTGAATTAGCTCATAAATGGAAAACGGCGCTTAAATGTGAGGTTAGAGCTTAGAATGTGAAGGGAGAATGAGGAATGCGAGACTGGGACTGAGATGGAACCGGCGGTGGGGAGGGGGAGGGGGTGTGGAATTTGAACCCCGGGAGAGAAAGATGGAATTTTGGCTATGGAGGCCGACCTGGGGATGGGGAAATAAGAGAAGACCAGGAGGGAGTTAAATAGGGAATGGGTTGGGGGCGGCTTGGTAACTGTTTGTGCTGGGATTAGGCTGTTGCAGATAATGGAGCAAGGCTTGGAAGGCTAACCTGGGGTGGGGCCGGGTTGGGGTCGGGCTGGGGGCGGGAGGAGTCCTCACTGGCGGTTGATTGACAGTTTCTCCTTCCCCAGACTGGCCAATCACAGGCAGGAAGATGAAGGTTCTGTGGGCTGCGTTGCTGGTCACATTCCTGGCAGGTATGGGGCGGGGCTTGCTCGGTTTTCCCCGCTTCTCCCCCTCTCATCCTCACCTCAACCTCCTGGCCCCATTCAAGCACACCCTGGGCCCCCTCTTCTTCTGCTGGTCTGTCCCCTGAGGGGAAAGCCCAGGTCTGAGGCTTCTATGCTGCTTTCTGGCTCAGAACAGCGATTTGACGCTCTGTGAGCCTCGGTTCCTCCCCCGCTTTTTTTTTTTCAGCCAGAGTCTCACTCTGTCGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGCGCAATCTCAGCTCACTGCAAGCTCCGCCTCCCGGGTTCACGCTATTCTCCCGCCTCAGCCTCCCGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGCGCCCGCCACCATGCCCGGCTAATTTTTTGTACTTTGAGTAGGGAAGGGGTTTCACTGTATTATCCAGGATGGTCTCTATCTCCTGACCTCGTGATCTGCCCGCCTGGCCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGAATTACAGGCGTGAGCCTCCGCGCCCGGCCTCCCCATCCTTAATATAGGAGTTAGAAGTTTTTGTTTGTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGAGATGAAGTCCCTCTGTCGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGCTCCCAGGCTGGAGTTCAGTGGCTGGATCTCGGCTCACTGCAAGCTCCGCCTCCCAGGTTCACGCCATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCCTCCGGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGAACATGCCACCACACCCGACTAACTTTTTTTGTATTTTTAGTAGAGACGGGGTTTCACCATGTTGGCCAGGCTGGTCTGGAACTCCTGACCTCAGGTGATCTGCCTGCTTCAACCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGGATTACAGACGTGGGCCACCGCGCCCGGCTGGGAGTTAAGAGGTTTCTAATGCATTGCATTAGAATACCAGACACGGGACAGCTGTGATCTTTATTCTCCATCACCCCACACAGCCCTGCCTGGGGCACACAAGGACACTCAATACACGCTTTTCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCAAGCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGGGAGGCTGAGGCGGGTGGTACATGAGGTCAGGAGATCGAGACCATCCTGGCTAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAATACAAAAAACTAGCCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGGGCGCCTGTAGTCCCAGCTACTCGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATGGCGTGAACCTGGGAGGCGGAGCTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCCAGCCTGGGTGACACAGCGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATACACGCTTTTCCGCTAGGCACGGTGGCTCACCCCTGTAATCCCAGCATTTTGGGAGGCCAAGGTGGGAGGATCACTTGAGCCCAGGAGTTCAACACCAGACTCAGCAACATAGTGAGACTCTCTCTACTAAAAATACAAAAATTAGCCAGGCCTGGTGCCACACACCTGTGGTCCCAGCTACTCAGAAGGCTAAGGCAGGAGGATCGCTTAAGCCCAGAAGGTCAAGGTTGCAGTGAACCACGTTCAGGCCACTGCAGTCCAGCCTGGGTGACAGAGCAAGACCCTGTCTGTAAATAAATAACGCTTTTCAAGTGATTAAACAGACTCCCCCCTCACCCTGCCCACCATGGCTCCAAAGCAGCATTTGTGGAGCACCTTCTGTGTGCCCCTAGGTACTAGCTGCCTGGACGGGGTCAGAAGGAACCTGAACCACCTTCAACTTGTTCCACACAGGATGCCAGGCCAAGGTGGAGCAACCGGTGGAGCCAGAGACAGAACCCGACGTTCGCCAGCAGGCTGAGTGGCAGAGCGGCCAGCCCTGGGAGCTGGCACTGGGTCGCTTTTGGGATTACCTGCGCTGGGTGCAGACACTGTCTGAGCAGGTGCAGGAGGAGCTGCTCAGCCCCCAGGTCACCCAGGAACTGACGTGAGTGTCCCCATCCCGGCCCTTGACCCTCCTGGTGGGCGGCTATACCTCCCCAGGTCCAGGTTTCATTCTGCCCCTGCCACTAAGTCTTGGGGGCCTGGGTCTCTGCTGGTTCTAGCTTCCTCTTCCCATTTCTGACTCCTGGCTTTAGCTCTCTGGAATTCTCTCTCTCAGTTCTGTTTCTCCCTCTTCCCTTCTGACTCAGCCTGTCACACTCGTCCTGGCGCTGTCTCTGTCCTTCACTAGCTCTTTTATATAGAGACAGAGAGATGGGGTCTCACTGTGTTGCCCAGGCTGGTCTTGAACTTCTGGGCTCAAGCGATCCTCCCACCTCGCCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGGAATAGAGACATGAGCCACCTTGCTCGGCCTCCTAGCTCTTTCTTCGTCTCTGCCTCTGCTCTCTGCGTCTGTCTTTGTCTCCTCTCTGCCTCTGTCCCGTTCCTTCTCTCTTGGTTCACTGCCCTTCTGTCTCTCCCTGTTCTCCTTAGGAGACTCTCCTCTCTTCCTTCTCGAGTCTCTCTGGCTGATCCCCATCTCACCCACACCTATCCACTCAGCCCCAGCGGAGGTGAAGGACGTCCTTCCCCAGGAGCCGGTGAGAAGCGCAGTCGGGGGCACGGGGATGAGCTCAGGGGCCTCTAGAAAGATGTAGCTGGGACCTCGGGAAGCCCTGGCCTCCAGGTAGTCTCAGGAGAGCTACTCAGGGTCGGGCTTGGGGAGAGGAGGAGCGGGGGTGAGGCCAGCAGCAGGGGACTGGACCTGGGAAGGGCTGGGCAGCAGAGACGACCCGACCCGCTAGAAGGTGGGGTGGGGAGAGCATGTGGACTAGGAGCTAAGCCACAGCAGGACCCCCACGAGTTGTCACTGTCATTTATCGAGCACCTACTGGGTGTCCCCAGTGTCCTCAGATCTCCATAACTGGGAAGCCAGGGGCAGCGACACGGTAGCTAGCCGTCGATTGGAGAACTTTAAAATGAGGACTGAATTAGCTCATAAATGGAAAACGGCGCTTAAATGTGAGGTTAGAGCTTAGAATGTGAAGGGAGAATGAGGAATGCGAGACTGGGACTGAGATGGAACCGGCGGTGGGGAGGGGGAGGGGGTGTGGAATTTGAACCCCGGGAGAGAAAGATGGAATTTTGGCTATGGAGGCCGACCTGGGGATGGGGAAATAAGAGAAGACCAGGAGGGAGTTAAATAGGGAATGGGTTGGGGGCGGCTTGGTAACTGTTTGTGCTGGGATTAGGCTGTTGCAGATAATGGAGCAAGGCTTGGAAGGCTAACCTGGGGTGGGGCCGGGTTGGGGTCGGGCTGGGGGCGGGAGGAGTCCTCACTGGCGGTTGATTGACAGTTTCTCCTTCCCCAGACTGGCCAATCACAGGCAGGAAGATGAAGGTTCTGTGGGCTGCGTTGCTGGTCACATTCCTGGCAGGTATGGGGCGGGGCTTGCTCGGTTTTCCCCGCTTCTCCCCCTCTCATCCTCACCTCAACCTCCTGGCCCCATTCAAGCACACCCTGGGCCCCCTCTTCTTCTGCTGGTCTGTCCCCTGAGGGGAAAGCCCAGGTCTGAGGCTTCTATGCTGCTTTCTGGCTCAGAACAGCGATTTGACGCTCTGTGAGCCTCGGTTCCTCCCCCGCTTTTTTTTTTTCAGCCAGAGTCTCACTCTGTCGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGCGCAATCTCAGCTCACTGCAAGCTCCGCCTCCCGGGTTCACGCTATTCTCCCGCCTCAGCCTCCCGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGCGCCCGCCACCATGCCCGGCTAATTTTTTGTACTTTGAGTAGGGAAGGGGTTTCACTGTATTATCCAGGATGGTCTCTATCTCCTGACCTCGTGATCTGCCCGCCTGGCCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGAATTACAGGCGTGAGCCTCCGCGCCCGGCCTCCCCATCCTTAATATAGGAGTTAGAAGTTTTTGTTTGTTTGTTTTGTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTGTTTTGAGATGAAGTCCCTCTGTCGCCCAGGCTGGAGTGCAGTGGCTCCCAGGCTGGAGTTCAGTGGCTGGATCTCGGCTCACTGCAAGCTCCGCCTCCCAGGTTCACGCCATTCTCCTGCCTCAGCCTCCGGAGTAGCTGGGACTACAGGAACATGCCACCACACCCGACTAACTTTTTTTGTATTTTTAGTAGAGACGGGGTTTCACCATGTTGGCCAGGCTGGTCTGGAACTCCTGACCTCAGGTGATCTGCCTGCTTCAACCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGGATTACAGACGTGGGCCACCGCGCCCGGCTGGGAGTTAAGAGGTTTCTAATGCATTGCATTAGAATACCAGACACGGGACAGCTGTGATCTTTATTCTCCATCACCCCACACAGCCCTGCCTGGGGCACACAAGGACACTCAATACACGCTTTTCGGGCGCGGTGGCTCAAGCTGTAATCCCAGCACTTTGGGAGGCTGAGGCGGGTGGTACATGAGGTCAGGAGATCGAGACCATCCTGGCTAACATGGTGAAACCCCGTCTCTACTAAAAATACAAAAAACTAGCCCGGGCGTGGTGGCGGGCGCCTGTAGTCCCAGCTACTCGGAGGCTGAGGCAGGAGAATGGCGTGAACCTGGGAGGCGGAGCTTGCAGTGAGCCGAGATCGCGCCACTGCACTCCAGCCTGGGTGACACAGCGCGAGACTCCGTCTCAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAATACACGCTTTTCCGCTAGGCACGGTGGCTCACCCCTGTAATCCCAGCATTTTGGGAGGCCAAGGTGGGAGGATCACTTGAGCCCAGGAGTTCAACACCAGACTCAGCAACATAGTGAGACTCTCTCTACTAAAAATACAAAAATTAGCCAGGCCTGGTGCCACACACCTGTGGTCCCAGCTACTCAGAAGGCTAAGGCAGGAGGATCGCTTAAGCCCAGAAGGTCAAGGTTGCAGTGAACCACGTTCAGGCCACTGCAGTCCAGCCTGGGTGACAGAGCAAGACCCTGTCTGTAAATAAATAACGCTTTTCAAGTGATTAAACAGACTCCCCCCTCACCCTGCCCACCATGGCTCCAAAGCAGCATTTGTGGAGCACCTTCTGTGTGCCCCTAGGTACTAGCTGCCTGGACGGGGTCAGAAGGAACCTGAACCACCTTCAACTTGTTCCACACAGGATGCCAGGCCAAGGTGGAGCAACCGGTGGAGCCAGAGACAGAACCCGACGTTCGCCAGCAGGCTGAGTGGCAGAGCGGCCAGCCCTGGGAGCTGGCACTGGGTCGCTTTTGGGATTACCTGCGCTGGGTGCAGACACTGTCTGAGCAGGTGCAGGAGGAGCTGCTCAGCCCCCAGGTCACCCAGGAACTGACGTGAGTGTCCCCATCCCGGCCCTTGACCCTCCTGGTGGGCGGCTATACCTCCCCAGGTCCAGGTTTCATTCTGCCCCTGCCACTAAGTCTTGGGGGCCTGGGTCTCTGCTGGTTCTAGCTTCCTCTTCCCATTTCTGACTCCTGGCTTTAGCTCTCTGGAATTCTCTCTCTCAGTTCTGTTTCTCCCTCTTCCCTTCTGACTCAGCCTGTCACACTCGTCCTGGCGCTGTCTCTGTCCTTCACTAGCTCTTTTATATAGAGACAGAGAGATGGGGTCTCACTGTGTTGCCCAGGCTGGTCTTGAACTTCTGGGCTCAAGCGATCCTCCCACCTCGCCTCCCAAAGTGCTGGGAATAGAGACATGAGCCACCTTGCTCGGCCTCCTAGCTCTTTCTTCGTCTCTGCCTCTGCTCTCTGCGTCTGTCTTTGTCTCCTCTCTGCCTCTGTCCCGTTCCTTCTCTCTTGGTTCACTGCCCTTCTGTCTCTCCCTGTTCTCCTTAGGAGACTCTCCTCTCTTCCTTCTCGAGTCTCTCTGGCTGATCCCCATCTCACCCACACCTATCC

27. In summary • Intrinsec symbolic/computational nature of biological (genomic) data • Emphasis in synthesis (rather/in addition to analysis) • Exponential data production • Separated from human intervention

28. bioinformàtica Articles a Medline amb la paraula clau Bioinformatics.

29. bioinformàtica Articles a Medline amb la paraula clau Bioinformatics.

30. bioinformàtica Articles a Medline amb la paraula clau Bioinformatics.

31. bioinformàtica Articles a Medline amb la paraula clau Bioinformatics.

32. bioinformàtica Articles a Medline amb la paraula clau Bioinformatics.

33. Bioinformatics, Genomics, Systems Biology in Medline

34. Bioinformatics Google search: X-informatics (11 juny, 2007)

35. Engineering and biology: increasingly interconnected • Improved technologies to survey Biological Systems • NGS and the like [technological fluency] • Engineering of Biological Systems • Medicine • New and modified biological systems • Using Biology to build non-biological systems • DNA computing

36. Biology has changed and it is changing • Quantitative thinking • Ability to attack unanticipated problems

37. Biology requires quantitative thinking • Statistics • Mathematics • Computer Science • … and programming skills (unix) • The ability to interrogate data, and to models systems

39. dues idees • La biologia, una disciplina en la que l’esforç ha estat tradicionalment dedicat a l’obtenció de les dades, ha esdevingut en poc temps una disciplina en la que les dades s’obtenen de manera gairebé automàtica, i l’esforç s’ha desplaçat cap a l’anàlisi de les dades. • La Bioinformàtica més que un altre (sub) disciplina de la Biologia (com ara la bioquímica, la genètica, la botànica, …) és una disciplinea que permea tota la Biologia; és una manera de fer Biologia; en molts casos, la única manera de fer Biologia. • Molts processos biològics poden ser entesos com a computacions gairebe sensu stricto.