Motion

1. Motion Session 2 Acceleration and Force

2. Learning Objectives • TLW know concepts of force and motion evident in everyday life (TEKS 4) • TLW be able to assess the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration, noting the relationship is independent of the nature of the force (TEKS 4.D) • TLW demonstrate relationships of force, mass, and acceleration using moving toys, falling objects, etc. (TEKS 4.D) • TLW perform calculations to determine force, mass, acceleration of everyday objects (TEKS 4.D)

3. I. Acceleration A. Acceleration - any change in velocity; speed or direction 1. acceleration is NOT just speed but also direction 2. In a car, when a driver steps on the gas pedal, the car goes faster or accelerates

4. 3. But, when the brakes are applied – the car slows down **this is also acceleration = because there is a change in velocity 4. When a car makes a turn, even if the speed does not change, it is accelerating

6. B. Acceleration information 1. If acceleration is small = speed increasesgradually 2. If acceleration is large = speed increasesrapidly 3. Positive acceleration = velocity increases or speeds up 4. Negative acceleration = velocity decreases or slows down (deceleration)

8. 5. Acceleration of an object is zero if velocity is constant ~ NO CHANGE ~ in speed or direction = **** NO ACCELERATION****

12. 6. Formula for calculating acceleration acceleration = (final velocity – initial velocity) time a = v/t final velocity = the speed at which the object ends initial velocity = the beginning speed of the object

13. 7. Ex. A water balloon falls off a second-story windowsill. The water balloon starts from rest and hits the sidewalk 1.5 s later with a velocity of 14.7m/s. What is the average acceleration of the water balloon? a = (final velocity – initial velocity) time a = (14.7 m/s – 0 m/s) / 1.5 s a = 9.8 m/s2

14. 8. The units for acceleration is meters per second squared or m/s2.

15. 9. Ex. A bike rider was traveling north 13 m/s and after 3 seconds his speed was 3.25 m/s. What is the rider’s acceleration? a = (final velocity – initial velocity)/t a = (3.25 m/s – 13 m/s) / 3 s a = (-9.75 m/s) / 3s a = -3.25 m/s2 * a negative # (-3.25) means acceleration is slowingdown

16. Group Practice 4. Marisa’s car accelerates at an average rate of 2.6 m/s2. Calculate how long it takes her car to accelerate from 24.6 m/s to 26.8 m/s. Use this formula: time = (final v – initial v)/ acceleration. t = unknown initial v = 24.6 m/s final v = 26.8 m/s acceleration = 2.6 m/s2

17. Group Practice 5. A cyclist travels at a constant velocity of 4.5 m/s westward, then speeds up with a steady acceleration of 2.3 m/s2. Calculate the cyclist speed after accelerating for 5.0 s. Use this formula: final v = initial v X a X t final v = unknown a = 2.3 m/s2 initial v = 4.5 m/s t = 5.0 s

18. Group Practice • Natalie accelerates her skateboard along a straight path from 0 m/s to 4.0 m/s in 2.5 s. Find her average acceleration.

19. Group Practice 2. A turtle swimming in a straight line toward shore has a speed of 0.50 m/s. After 4.0 s, its speed is 0.80 m/s. What is the turtle’s average acceleration?

20. Group Practice 3. Find the average acceleration of a northbound subway train that slows down from 12 m/s to 9.6 m/s in 0.8 s.

21. Independent Practice • Acceleration - 1

22. II. Force A. Force – the cause of acceleration or change in an object’s velocity.

23. Force equals mass times acceleration F = m x a On earth to calculate F multiply mass (kg) by acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/sec2) Force is measured in kg m / sec2 which equals a Newton (N) Example – if a student weighs 50 kg what is the force he exerts? 50 kg x 9.8 m/sec2 = 490 kg m / sec2 or 490 N

24. Group Practice - #1 • What is the force exerted by a 4 kg rock on the earth? (g = 9.8 m/s2)

25. Group Practice - #2 • What is the acceleration of a 10 kg cat exerting a force of 50 N?

26. Group Practice - #3 • A car accelerates from a stop to 50 m/s in 5 s. At this point it is exerting a force of 10,000 N. What is the mass of the car?

27. B. Types of forces 1. Net force – the combination of all forces on an object a. An object accelerates in the direction of the net force b. It won’t accelerate if the net force is zero

28. 2. Balanced forces – forces on an object that creates a zeronet force a. An object doesn’t move with balanced forces b. Balanced forces cancel each other c. Ex. Tug-of-War between equal sized teams

29. 3. Unbalanced forces – action on an object that creates a positive net force a. An object moves if forces are unbalanced b. The object moves in the direction of the greater force

30. C. Forces that affect motion 1. Friction – a force that acts against the direction of motion a. Because of friction – a constant force must be applied to an object to keep it moving b. Ex. a car - no gas - will stop

31. c. Amount of friction depends on the surfaces 1. Both surfaces rough – greater friction 2. Both surfaces smooth – less friction What’s easier to run on – a beach or a paved road?

32. 2. Air Resistance – a form of friction a. Amount of air resistance depends on objects: 1. Speed 2. Shape 3. Size b. The more aerodynamic – the less air resistance

33. 3. Gravity - the attraction between two particles of matter due to their masses a. Gravity is a force b. Every object exerts a gravitational force c. All objects are pulled towards the center of Earth due to the force of gravity

34. Calculations • Independent Practice Set – velocity, acceleration, force

35. Lab • One, some, or all of the following labs will be performed from IPC Manual • How is the speed of the car changing? (p. 14 & 15) • What is the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration? (p. 16 – 19) • How does increasing the mass of the car affect its acceleration? (p. 20 – 21) • Periodic Groups will • Read lab procedures together • Set up labs according to scientific method • Identify potential hazards, precautions, and PPE (if needed)