Ottoman, Russia, and Qing

1. Ottoman, Russia, and Qing (Oh my….)

2. Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe? • Stagnant economy • Lack of financial reserves • Weak governing elites • Tradition • Powerful political groups with too much to lose • Became too large to rule effectively (Middle East and N Africa)

3. Regional power bases emerged in Arabia and Egypt ( ignoring imperial rule from Istanbul) • In Arabia, the Saud family took control of Mecca and Medina (embarrassing for Selim III who could no longer lead his people on traditional pilgrimage to Mecca) • Napoleon’s troops had invaded and controlled Egypt until 1801 (Ottomans unable to restore imperial control  rise of Muhammad Ali (not the boxer) who , while still a part of the empire, consistently reminded the Ottomans of their difficulty in controlling distant territories

4. Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe? • Janissaries, who through economic privileges, were very powerful, resisted the adoption of new Western ideas • Change viewed as attack on traditional values and their power

5. Why couldn’t the Ottomans modernize like Europe? • The Ulama (Muslim scholars who controlled Islamic courts in empire) threatened as well with Western secularization (also seen as an attack on Islam)

6. MODERNIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE • Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) in favor of Westernization/modernization • Euro style military • Standard taxation • Reinstitution of Ottoman control over provincial governors • Excise tax on tobacco and coffee

7. Much opposition to reforms from Janissaries and Ulama • Serbia: w/Janissary provgov’s ; vented on Orthodox Christians. Ottomans allied with Bosnia to put down Janissary uprising; Russia came into picture and hindered Ottomans from effectively regaining control  Serbian independence from empire • Due to resistance from J and U, Selim abandoned reforms in 1806, but was later imprisoned and killed anyway

8. Mahmud II (r.1808-1839) • Change had to come slowly in order to solidify power • Greece tried to organize against Ottomans (w/help of Europe who wanted to reclaim the Greco-Roman tradition their continent was based on) • Warfare to liberate Greece from Ottoman control • Even though he turned to Muhammad Ali’s more modern army for help, defeat came at Battle of Navarino (1829) as Ottoman navy destroyed by Europe

9. Warfare….. •  need to modernize army • Sultan created a new military unit (that would layer put down and effectively destroy the Janissaries) • Dissolved Janissary corps • Limited power of Ulama (only for religious and family law)

10. Mejid (r. 1839-1861) • As Egypt continued assaults on Ottomans, and headed toward Istanbul the new sultan turned to France and Britain for aid • They used economic threats to force Egypt to w/d  Ottoman survival depended upon European aid

11. Tanzimat • Mejid created the Tanzimat (reorganization) • Guaranteed political rights for men (public trials, limited rt to privacy, equitable tax collection) • Education changes: military schools, French language of instruction, European customs and travel, • Tax on non-Muslims abolished; missionaries flocked to the empire • Ended tax farming • Secular legal code  decline in power of Ulama

12. Women • Women: not given political participation or education opportunities • Industrial labor/professional occupations not open to women • property/inheritance shifted to Islamic courts  fewer rights

13. CRIMEAN WAR • Russia wanted to expand (esp to South) • Viewed self as protectors of Slavic and Eastern Orthodox peoples (Serbian indep) • FR and GB viewed R’s expansion as potential threat • France named protector of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem; an affront to Russia  invaded Romania in 1853 (part of Ottoman Empire)

14. Crimean War • GB and FR (and Italian Sardinia-Piedmont) aided Ottomans • Naval and land battles 3 years; incompetence and problems  Nicholas II (r. 1855-1881) to sue for peace • Ended R expansion • Balanced FR and GB territories in OE • War was a battle b/w traditional and modern warfare w/ OE declining in power

15. SICK MAN OF EUROPE • “Sick Man of Europe” by Nicholas II • Behind in every way • Many Western powers questioned if the empire should still exist; if not, who should control its lands? (Eastern Question) • Declining agri revenues, large debts to foreign powers, inflation, corruption made reforms difficult

17. 5 • Decided to continue reforms in manner of W Europe • Imperial bank, gold standard, industrialization ( demo shift to cities) • Growth of cities (Damascus, Beirut…) increased (also aided by Muslim refugees from newly conquered Russian lands in C Asia) • More Europeans to OE

18. Extraterritoriality • Extraterritoriality: exemption from legal jurisdiction if a country) to all Europeans in OE • Many young reformers saw this as unfair  Young Turks • Looking to assert Ottoman authority over Euros living in OE • Universal male suffrage and constitutional monarchy • Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) accepted const’n

19. Young Turks • The tensions caused by the Tanzimat reforms provoked criticism • those who disliked change, seeing it as un-Islamic, • those who thought that the reforms did not go far enough • In the 1860s a group of young men known as the Young Ottomans called for a variety of reforms, including a constitution. • In 1876, reforming ministers introduced a constitution • Suspended in 1878. • There followed a number of revolutionary conspiracies by groups known generally as the Young Turks • military revolt in 1908 • overthrew the despotic rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II • brought about the reintroduction of the constitution.

20. NATIONALISM AND DECLINE • Rise of Nationalism: identification of a people w/a nation centered on language/religion • OE made up of many ethnic, religious, and language groups • 1902 Macedonia rebelled and achieved independence • 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Muslim Bosnia • Italy conquered Libya 1912

21. NATIONALISM AND DECLINE • Balkan Wars (1912-1913) OE lost Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania • Everything else independent or under European control • European interference (loans, tax collections, rr construction) • Increased power of ethnic Turks  crack down on ethnic minorities (Greeks/Armenians) • Resentment toward GB and FR  alignment w. Germany (uh oh… WWI is looming)

22. Czarist Russia

23. Europeans viewed Russia as an alien, backward, & oppressive but saw its potential power • R similar to Ottomans • Socially dominated by nobles • Mostly agricultural • Poor transportation • Many languages • Lands still worked by serfs, little industry • 1st good roads by 1817, steam navigation 1843, 1strr 1837

24. Czar Nicholas • Czar Nicholas feared spread of literacy (which would has aided country) • Threat to power • Risk of developing middle class • Kept peasants in serfdom • Keep importing industrial goods, pay for them with grain and timber

25. Like Egypt and Ottomans, aspired to Western-styled economic development • Fear of political chg caused R to fall further behind • Obsolete weapons of Crimean war, lack of transportation • GB and FR viewed R as a threat/rival for power in Eastern Europe and eastern Med lands • Also didn’t like serfdom (granted freedom in 1861 by Czar Alexander II)

26. Russians unclear/hesitant of kinship w/ West • Slavophiles: Orthodox Chr, peasant life, loyal to czar • Pan-Slavism: militant political doctrine advocating unity of Slavic peoples (esp those under Ottoman and Austrian rule)

27. Relationship w/ Asia • 1860 Vladovostik (military outpost on Pacific) • Political friction w/ Qing, Japan, Iran, Ottomans • Need for warm water port (esp on Black Sea) • Europe threatened by mv’t east and south b/c of potential threats against British colonial rule in India

28. Alexander II new reforms • Emancip. Serfs 1861 • Gave them property rights • Joint stock companies • Rr networks to tie country together • Modernize legal and admin arms of govt • Expanded but guarded education (anti-liberal) • Encouraged professional and scientific training • Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy (War and Peace) reform ideas

29. Qing Empire

30. IMPERIALISM • Definition: the control of one people by another (can be political, economic or cultural) • "Old Imperialism": occurred between 16th and 18thcenturies • European powers did not usually acquire territory (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil, the British in North America) but rather built a series of trading stations (especially in the Indian Ocean and SE Asia ) • Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.

31. New Imperialism: • Mid - Late 19th early 20th centuries • Natural resources, • Raw materials (gold, diamonds, copper, cotton) • New markets • Invade and set up colonial gov’ts • Create empire to protect power • Anglo-Saxon Superiority / Social Darwinism and desire to Christianize and Civilize

32. Opium Wars • Rebellions among poor and displaced and refusal to recognize threat from Europe • Opium Wars (1839-1842) • Trade imbalance, Canton system • Large amounts of opium imported by British/Americans • Restriction in 1729, but smuggling continued • British saw restriction as threat to their economic success • Chinese Bannerman, hereditary soldiers (swords/knives -like OE) no match for British army • No navy or ability to move troops quickly/efficiently  couldn’t protect ports/inland cities

34. Treaty of Nanking (1842) • Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever • Pay large indemnity • Open up 4 large cities to foreign trade with low tariffs. • Extraterritorialitysubjected Westerners to their home country’s laws rather than China’s. • GB granted favorite nation status: any privileges the Qing granted other nations had to be granted to GB (would however prevent colonization of China b/c land given to one power would have to be given to GB as well)

35. Results…continued • 1860 importation of opium legalized • 1900 90= ports open to West • Increased missionary work and small European communities w/in China • Foreigners increasingly resented (Christianity, privileges)

36. Taiping Rebellion 1851-1864 • Causes: economic crisis, rebellion, decline of Qing power • Emerged in southern province of Guangxi • Weak agri harvests, class conflict, ethnic divisions TaipingMv’t • Led by a Hakka (bottom ethnic minority), Hong Xiuquan • Based on Christian missionary teachings: Hong was brother of Jesus told by God to build a new kingdom of heaven on earth and drive Manchu (Qing) out of China

38. Taiping Rebellion • As mvt spread, captured cities forced to take part in rebellion • Men and women segregated • Foot binding ended: women expected to farm and fight • 1853: took Nanjing as their capital

39. Taiping Rebellion • Qing began to modernize army and got many Bannermen to comply • Manchus defeated rebellion after 14 years with the help of the British military. • As many as 20 - 30 million people perished (disease, plague, land ruined, declining revenue from land taxes) • Recovery took place at local levels: increased power of provincial governors (levy/collect taxes, raise armies)  alliances of provincial governors

40. Boxer Rebellion • 1894, Sino-Japanese War (6 months over encroachment into Korea) • China lost and forced to leave Korea, cede Taiwan to Japan , pay indemnities • Empress Dowager encouraged series of anti-foreign riots • Harmonious Righteous Fists (Boxers) • At one time had supported new tech, by turn of century against spread of Western influences • Attacks of missionaries, westerners in general…… ‘foreign devils’ • European, Japanese, and US forces put down riots and occupied Beijing  Japan and Russia to fight over resource rich Manchuria (Russo-Japanese War)

42. DECLINE OF THE QING • Corruption • Bankrupted treasury • Warfare (Nian, Taiping, Sino-Japanese, Arrow Wars, Boxer Rebellion) • Indemnities paid to other European nations • Destruction of lands by warfare and population dispersal • Increasing population outgrowing food production • GB created the Imperial Maritime Customs Service… increasing involvement in Chinese economy and politics

43. Decline of the Qing • Increased power of provisional governors (see above) such as ZengGuofan who looke d to USA rather than GB or FR  increase US interference in China as well • Emperors became more of a figurehead after 1850… increased power of aristocracy (Cixi/Dowager) and military men, as well as foreign advisors • Boxer Rebellion final evidence of need to modernize country and get rid of Qing….

44. Enter the Republic! • Cixi died in 1908  the Revolutionary Alliance led by Sun YatSen (nationalist, socialist, Confucianist) • 1911 Puyi abdicates ending the Qing – • Revolutionary assembly elects Sun president of new Chinese republic but steps down (b/c of no military to defend his position)  Yuan Shikai becomes president