Crucible of Freedom: Civil War 1861 – 1865

1. Crucible of Freedom:Civil War 1861 – 1865

2. 13 The American Civil War SWBTS • Place in order and describe the importance of the battles at: Sumter, Antietam, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Appomattox Courthouse. • Describe the military advantages of the Confederacy and the Union. • Describe exemptions to the draft policies of both the North and the South. • Explain the Emancipation Proclamation • Describe Grant’s strategy for winning the war and how Sherman demonstrated it. • Analyze the Gettysburg Address.

3. Abraham Lincoln • First Inaugural Address • http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres31.html • What promise about the issue of slavery did Lincoln make? • Did Southerners believe him? • What action had some southern states taken? • What promise had Lincoln made about Federal property?

5. Forming the CSA • Confederate States of America • What was it founded on?

6. Fort Sumter Read page 511 (red text) or 358 (green text) 465 (blue text) and summarize the events of April 12, 1861.

8. Fort Sumter • April 12, 1861, South Carolina militia began a bombard of Fort Sumter to prevent relief ships from bringing supplies • Lincoln declared an insurrection and called for 75,000 militia from loyal states. • This prompted several more southern states to secede (map 421) • Stephen Douglas, “I deprecate war, but if it must come I am with my country, under all circumstances, and in every contingency.”

9. WAR CIVIL WAR MILITARY WARS • Pick your Advantages! • See which advantages actually prove successful as the season unfolds! • Will your picks survive the season?

10. WAR CIVIL WAR MILITARY WARS • #1 Homefield Advantage • #2 Standing Army • 16, 000 vs 0 • #3 Trained Officer Corps • 2,000 vs 1,000 • #4 Population • 22 million vs 9 million Key: Dk Blue = Union Lt Blue = Neutral, controlled by Union Red = CSA White = unorganized territories

11. WAR CIVIL WAR MILITARY WARS • #5 Politics: • Two Party vs No Party • #6 Developed Banking System • Federal vs States • Tax collection, funds transfer

12. WAR CIVIL WAR MILITARY WARS • #7 Railroads • 2/3 vs 1/3 • #8 Telegraph lines • Some vs None • #9 Established Industry • 90% vs 10%

13. WAR CIVIL WAR MILITARY WARS • #10 Victory Conditions • Enemy Surrenders vs Enemy Quits • Or • Complete and Total Victory vs “A tie is as good as a win” • #11 Morale/Cause • States Rights vs Permanence of Union

14. General Winfield Scott’s Plan • Anaconda Plan: Blockade the southern coastline, capture the Mississippi River, then wait for Southern Unionists to sieze control of the CSA. #1 Homefield Advantage to whom?

15. Lincoln’s Initial Moves • Advantage #2& 3: Standing Army • Secure Border states: MD, DE, KY, MO • including Washington, D.C.

16. Lincoln’s Initial Moves • A train of Massachusetts volunteers heading for Washington, D.C. was attacked by a mob in Baltimore • Lincoln sent troops to Maryland and suspended habeas corpus. • MD and DE rejected secession.

17. Advantage 3 • Trained Officer Corps • 2,000 vs 1,000 • Included both • Robert E Lee • Ulysses S Grant • Generally accepted that the South had the better officers • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

18. Compare information from GraphsDraw Conclusions

19. Drafts North and SouthAdvantage #4 • CSA April 1862, first “conscription” in US history. • Exemptions: • CSA: Owners of 20 or more slaves • Union: Pay another man to serve in your place or $300 to be exempted. • What complaints might be raised against these loop-holes? • Total draftees: • Union: 46,000 of 2,100,000 • CSA: 120,000 of 800,000 • North experienced Draft Riots What do the number of volunteers, draftees, desertions, and riots say about #11 Morale?

20. First Battles, 1861 • First Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861 • Watched on hillsides by Washington dignitaries • Smaller CSA army routed Union army • War settled into winter encampment and training • March 9, 1862, CSS Virginia vs USS Monitor

21. 1862 Begins • Spring 1862 Peninsula Campaign by McClellan failed, CSA victory • Second Battle of Bull Run Aug 28-30, CSA victory • Battle of Antietam, Sept 17, Lee had invaded MD • Technically a draw but Lee withdrew • Strategically a Union victory

22. WAR CIVIL WAR MILITARY WARS • Wild Card! • Defense of Slavery vs Emancipation of Slaves

23. Emancipation Proclamation “That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons and will do not act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”

24. Emancipation Proclamation • This document announces the freedom of slaves where? • Would a slave in South Carolina be free? • Would a slave in Pennsylvania be free? • What might some of the immediate effects be of this Proclamation?

25. Emancipation Proclamation • Immediate Effects • African-Americans served in the Union armed forces to the extent of approximately 200,000 volunteers by the war's end. These soldiers were segregated into African-American units and largely led by white officers, nonetheless their contributions were significant. • By reframing the conflict as a war against slavery Lincoln also neutralized the participation of England and France as potential allies of the South. Most French and English people were philosophically opposed to slavery, making support of the South politically unfeasible.

26. Previous Response to Editor of the NY Tribune, August 1862 "Dear Sir . . . I have not meant to leave any one in doubt. . . . My paramount objective in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about Slavery and the colored race, I do because it helps to save this Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help save the Union. . . . I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty, and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men, everywhere, could be free.” Did the Emancipation Proclamation keep to this statement?

27. 1862, Battles in the West • Grant • Control of MO and KY • Captured forts in TN • Close call but a victory at Shiloh • The CSA attack at Shiloh stripped the defenses of New Orleans allowing Admiral Farragut to capture it and surrounding areas.

28. 1862 ends a bad year for the Union • The Western battles were going well but the Eastern battles were what counted toward popular perception • Peace Democrats (called “Copperheads” by the Republicans) demanded a truce and a peace conference. They were not in favor of Emancipation. • There was very strong opposition to Lincoln, especially after he dismissed McClellan (who later ran against Lincoln in 1864 as a Democrat who promised to make peace with the CSA)

29. Advantage 5 • Politics: • Two Party vs No Party • Discuss. • Conclusion?

30. Advantage 6 • Developed Banking System • The North and South issued Bonds to raise money, and printed Paper Money for cash • N trusted, 80% inflation • S distrusted, 9,000% inflation • 1863 the Union passed the National Bank Act, revolutionizing public finance

31. Advantages, Technological • #7 Railroads • 2/3 vs 1/3 • #8 Telegraph lines • Some vs None • #9 Established Industry • 90% vs 10% • North has all advantages however, CSA never suffered for lack of war materiel (food and clothing yes, bullets and gunpowder, NO)

32. 1863 The Turning Point Year • Gettysburg, Union victory July 3. • View Video, discuss Gettysburg Address • http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=764 • Vicksburg, Union victory July 4, finalizing the capture of the Mississippi, surrounding and blockading the South (effective, but not 100%) • Coincidentally, in July, the NY draft riots occurred. • Gettysburg Address NOV 1863 • http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=764

33. Grant’s Strategy to Win • Early in 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of US Army • Grant won battles by taking advantage of the North’s larger population and superior ability to supply its army. • Grant was willing to lose more soldiers and expend more supplies because he could replace his losses while the CSA could not. • Some called him a “butcher” • Lincoln said, “He wins.”

34. 1864, Sherman’s March to the Sea • Total War: Sherman burned Atlanta then moved south to Savannah taking what was needed for supplies and burning anything that could aid the CSA army. • What effect did this have on civilian morale? War is a cruelty and you cannot refine it. Those who brought war into our country deserve all the curses and maledictions a people can pour out.

35. Advantage 9 & 10 • #9 Victory Conditions • Enemy Surrenders vs Enemy Quits • Or • Complete and Total Victory vs “A tie is as good as a win” • #10 Morale/Cause • States Rights vs Permanence of Union

36. The Beginning of the End • Sherman took Savannah Dec 1864 wheeled north. • He took Columbia, SC’s capital, without a fight and gutted much of the city. • By Spring 1865 he was in NC. • Other Union armies were moving through GA and AL, capturing thousands of CSA soldiers and freeing thousands of Union prisoners.

37. Grant • Assaulted the Army of Northern Virginia at Petersburg, a railroad hub of Richmond. • Captured Petersburg on April 2, 1865. • Union troops went into Richmond April 3, 1865, as CSA troops retreated.

38. Appomattox Court House • After Petersburg, Grant prevented Lee from escaping Virginia. • On April 9, 1865, Lee asked for Terms of Surrender. • Final surrender occurred on April 13, 1865.

39. Lincoln’sSecond Inaugural Address . . . On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, urgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissolve the Union and divide effects by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came. . . . One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union even by war, while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. . . . Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. . . . Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.

41. Impact of the American Civil War • Settled the issue of state secession. • Ended slavery. • Put America more firmly on a path toward industrialization. • Promoted large scale organizations such as Railroads and other businesses. • Federal Government became more “central” and powerful. • Changed the name “The United States” from a plural to a singular.

42. Lincoln’s view on slavery (Inaugural speech, Emancipation Proclamation, response to editor) When/where CW started? Considering various advantages, who would you have bet on to win the CW? Why? Lincoln’s first moves Outline 1862 Spring Summer/Fall East/West Political situation Significance of 1863 Grant’s Strategy Sherman’s actions and affect Surrender date and place Overall # dead Lasting impact of CW Questions from presentations. To Study