Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 14 Personality Today- Intro Notes Tomorrow- “The Doodle Test”

2. Psychology Today • Tuesday February 7th • Pig Test • Personality Test 1 • Results at the end of the period • Introvert v Extrovert • Personality Test 2 • Personality • Defined • What components make up personality?

3. Tomorrow

4. Pig Test!!

5. A Self Assessment What Who VS If you had to define yourself by one characteristic……. If you had to define yourself by five characteristics……. What is the difference between these two ?s

6. To Begin • Personality: • A person’s unique pattern of thinking, emotion, and behavior; • the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become In every situation, we can usually expect the same/similar reaction from the same person every time

7. The Make-up of Personality Temperament Personality Traits Personality Types Character Self-Concept Personality

8. 1. Temperament • Temperament: • Hereditary aspects of personality, including Sensitivity and moods • Also • Irritability • Distractibility • Level of activity

9. 2. Personality Traits • Personality Trait • Stable, enduring quality that a person shows in most situations • Often used to predict behavior in future settings Imagine if teachers and students had the opportunity to pick classes based on matching personality traits. *Remember- personality traits are different from overall personality in that traits deal with specific qualities while personality deals with overall behavior

10. 3. Personality Types • Personality Type: • A combination of several, specific traits, used to categorize people • A category of personality traits that result in the identification of a particular type by society Fig. 14.1 Personality types are defined by the presence of several specific traits. For example, several possible personality traits are shown in the left column. A person who has a Type A personality typically possesses all or most of the highlighted traits. Type A persons are especially prone to heart disease

11. Personality Types and Other Concepts • Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types: • Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward • Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward

12. 4. Self- Concept • Self – Concept • All of your personal ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are. • Built out of daily experiences, self-concepts can greatly affect personal adjustment to emotional situations

13. 5. Character • Character • Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated by other members of a society. How other people judge us will have a profound effect on our behavior (self-fulfilling prophecy)

14. What is Personality? • Personality • an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting • four basic perspectives • Psychoanalytic • Trait • Humanistic • Social-cognitive

15. Pig Results OinkOink!

16. Monday Sigmund Freud The Man The Myth

17. Today

18. Psychology This Week • Happy Sigmund Freud Week!!!!!!!! • Monday • The Id, ego, and superego • Psychosexual stages of development • Wednesday • Defense Mechanisms et al…. • Thursday • More Defense Mechanisms • Personality Testing • Round 3

19. Self Ideal self Personality Theories: An Overview • Personality Theory: • System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives: • Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles • Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior • Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning • Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth • Social Learning Theories: Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes

20. Personality Theories Understanding What Makes You……You- -According to the Professionals

21. Psychodynamics Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles

22. Psychoanalytic Perspective “first comprehensive theory of personality” University of Vienna 1873 Voracious Reader Medical School Graduate (1856-1939) Specialized in Nervous Disorders Some patients’ disorders had no physical cause!

23. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Psychoanalysis • Freud’s psychoanalytic theory that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts • Technique used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

24. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Free Association • in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious • person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

25. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Unconscious • According to Freud- a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories • Contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware • Preconscious • information that is not conscious, but is retrievable into conscious awareness

26. Freud’s Theory of Personality

27. The Id, Ego, and Superego • Id: Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving & irrational • Totally unconscious • Works on Pleasure Principle: • Wishes to have its desires (pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless of the consequences

28. The Id, Ego, and Superego • Superego: • Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego • Superego comes from our parents or caregivers; • guilt comes from the superego • Two parts • Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has been punished (e.g., what we shouldn’t do or be) • Ego Ideal: Second part of the superego; reflects behavior one’s parents approved of or rewarded (e.g., what we should do or be)

29. The Id, Ego, and Superego • Ego: Executive • Directs id energies • Partially conscious and partially unconscious • Works on Reality Principle: • Delays action until it is practical and/or appropriate

30. Freud’s Theory of Personality

31. ID, EGO, and SUPEREGOIn American Pop culture

33. What is the function of the Ego? What is the function of the Superego? What is the function of the Id? Table 12.2 Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

34. Satisfy the Ids impulses Do not offend to morals of the Superego

35. Oh hey guys! Are you ready for things to get weird? P.s. Did you know that I had cancer of the mouth from smoking too many cigars? --Maybe mother should have stopped offering me her nipple so damn much!

36. Personality Development Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development • According to Freud, personality develops in stages; everyone goes through same stages in same order. Majority of personality is formed before age 6 • Erogenous Zone: Area on body capable of producing pleasure • Identification • the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos • Fixation • a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies (Id) at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

37. Freudian Personality Development: Oral Stage • 1. Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of infants’ pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop • Physical Focus: • Mouth • Psychological Theme: • Dependency • Too much (oral fixations): • lead to highly dependent and gullible personality type • Too little (frustration): • mistrusting pessimistic, suspicious

38. Freudian Personality Development: Anal Stage • 2. Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention turns to process of elimination. Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego develops. Harsh or lenient toilet training can make a child: • Psychical Focus : • Anus (potty training) • Psychological Theme: • Self-control/Obedience • Too Strict: Anal Retentive • Stubborn, stingy, orderly, and compulsively clean • Too Lenient: Anal Expulsive • Disorderly, messy, destructive, or cruel

39. Freudian Personality Development: Phallic Stage • 3. Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent • Can lead to: • Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels rivalry with his father for his mother’s affection. Boy may feel threatened by father (castration anxiety). To resolve, boy must identify with his father (i.e., become more like him and adopt his heterosexual beliefs) • Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and competes with her mother. Girl identifies with her mother more slowly because she already feels castrated • Physical Focus: • Penis • Psychological Theme: • morality and sexuality • Resolved conflict: • identification with the opposite sex • Unresolved conflict • confusion and promiscuity

40. Freudian Personality Development: Latency and Genital Stages • 4. Latency: Ages 6-Puberty. Psychosexual development is dormant. Same sex friendships and play occur here • 5. Genital Stage: Puberty-on. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken • Physical focus: • genitals • Psychological Theme: • maturity, enhancement of life, creation of life • Resolved conflict: • balance of love and work • Unresolved conflict: • obsessed search for love

41. Psychology Today • Psychosexual Refresher • From stage 1- 5 • What’s the dealio? • Psychosexual Evaluation • Where Freud lost his way….. and his followers • Ego Defense Mechanisms • How to reduce anxiety Q T U H I U Z R S D A Y

42. 1 2 3 5 4

43. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth-- (0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings Latency Dormant sexual feelings (6 to puberty) Genital Maturation of sexual interests (puberty on) Personality Development

44. Evaluation of Psychoanalytic Theory • Freud overemphasized sexuality and placed little emphasis on other aspects of the child’s experience. • Freud’s theory is largely not testable. • Particularly, the concept of the unconscious is not provable. • According to Freud, the only way that people in psychological distress can get relief is to undergo length therapy, to identify unresolved conflicts from infancy and childhood. • Freud’s view of people is overly negative and pessimistic.

45. Satisfy the Ids impulses Do not offend to morals of the Superego

46. Psychology Today • Defense Mechanism Review • Defense Mechanisms Quiz • Can use: • Notes • Handout • Your brain

47. The Cause of Anxiety • Ego is always caught in the middle of battles between superego’s desires for moral behavior and the id’s desires for immediate gratification • Neurotic Anxiety: Caused by id impulses that the ego can barely control • Neurotic- A psychological state characterized by excessive anxiety or insecurity • Moral Anxiety: Comes from threats of punishment from the superego • The guilt of the conscience • Defense mechanism: • a process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety

48. Figure 12.3 Freud’s model of personality dynamics

49. Defense Mechanisms • Repression • Banishing anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness • Suppression • Actively pushing anxiety provoking thoughts out of one’s personal awareness

50. Defense Mechanisms • Denial • Outright refusal to admit or recognize that something has occurred or is currently occurring. • EX: Denying that your physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeking a second opinion