The Water Cycle

1. WEEK 1 & Water Cycle Ocean’s Impact on Temperature

2. 1 Water Cycle

3. Phenomena Can the water cycle exist without the Sun’s energy? NO! The Sun’s energy heats water on Earth. In fact, Earth is at just the right distance from the Sun for water to exist as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. These three water states are interchangeable. There is no beginning or end to the changes, so they are known as the water cycle. Without the energy of the Sun, the water cycle would stop.

5. Evaporation • Evaporation is the process where a liquid, changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state. Evaporation happens when heat energy from the sun causes water in puddles, streams, rivers, seas or lakes to change from a liquid to a water vapor. As Earth's water evaporates, winds move water vapor from the sea to the land, increasing the amount of fresh water on land.

6. Transpiration • Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water out of their leaves. Transpiration gives evaporation a bit of a hand in getting the water vapor back up into the air. As plants absorb water from the soil, the water moves from the roots through the stems to the leaves. Once the water reaches the leaves, some of it evaporates from the leaves, adding to the amount of water vapor in the air.

7. Condensation • Condensation is the opposite of evaporation. Condensation occurs when a gas is changed into a liquid. The Sun can heat liquid water to change it to a water vapor, a gas. Water vapor collects in clouds. As the clouds cool the water vapor condenses into water drops. The amount of water vapor in the air is called humidity.

8. Precipitation • Precipitation is when the temperature and atmospheric pressure are right, the small droplets of water fall to the earth from the clouds. This is when water falls to the earth from clouds. Mainly as rain, but sometimes as snow and hail.

9. Infiltration • Infiltration is when rain water soaks into the ground, through the soil and underlying rock layers.

10. Accumulation • Accumulation is the build up of water in one place over a course of time

11. Run-Off • Run-off is when much of the water that returns to earth as precipitation runs off the surface of the land and flows down hill into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. This water is heated by the Sun and evaporates again from the rivers, lakes, or oceans. The changes happen over and over.

13. The Water Cycle https://app.acceleratelearning.com/scopes/13723/elements/883372

14. Click to spin CLOUD • Cold weather turns you into snow, and gravity pulls you down onto a mountain. Travel to Mountain. • Gravity pulls you down as rain onto a stream. Travel to Stream. • Gravity pulls you down as rain onto a field, where you soak into the ground. Travel to Groundwater. • Gravity pulls you down as rain into a lake. Travel to Lake. • Cold weather turns you into snow, and gravity pulls you down into an ocean. Travel to Ocean. • Gravity pulls you down as rain onto a parking lot, and you travel to a stream. Travel to Stream.

15. Click to spin MOUNTAIN • The energy from the Sun transfers to you and heats you. You travel into the air. Travel to Atmosphere. • Gravity pulls you into the ground.Travel to Groundwater. • You flow downhill to a lake. Travel to Lake. • You flow downhill and directly into the ocean. Travel to Ocean. • You flow downhill into a stream. Travel to Stream. • You become frozen and stay there. Stay at the Mountain and spin again.

16. Click to spin LAKE • You are soaked in by the roots of a plant. Travel to Plant. • The radiant energy from the Sun transfers into you and heats you up. You move into the air. Travel to Atmosphere. • Gravity pulls you into the ground below the lake. Travel to Groundwater. • The temperature drops and you freeze on the surface of the lake. Stay at Lake and spin again.

17. Click to spin STREAM • The radiant energy from the Sun transfers into you and heats you up. You move into the air. Travel to Atmosphere. • Gravity pulls you into the ground. Travel to Groundwater. • You flow downhill to the nearest lake. Travel to Lake. • You are soaked in by the roots of an aquatic plant. Travel to Plant. • You flow downhill to sea level. Travel to Ocean.

18. Click to spin GROUNDWATER • Gravity pulls the water downward; you move underground toward the nearest stream. Travel to Stream. • Gravity pulls the water downward; you move underground toward the nearest lake. Travel to Stream. • You are soaked in by the roots of a plant. Travel to Plant. • You are so far underground; you end up staying in the aquifer. Stay at Groundwaterand spin again. • Gravity pulls the water downward; you move toward sea level. Travel to Ocean.

19. Click to spin PLANT • You move out of the leaves and into the air. Travel to Atmosphere. • Stay at the plant. Stay at Plant and spin again.

20. Click to spin OCEAN • You are one of many water molecules. Stay at Ocean and spin again. • The radiant energy from the Sun transfers into you and heats you up. You move into the air. Travel to Atmosphere.

21. Click to spin ATMOSPHERE • You lose heat and become tiny droplets of water as thermal energy transfers into the cooler atmosphere. Travel to Cloud. • You lose heat and become tiny droplets of water as thermal energy transfers into the cooler atmosphere. Travel to Cloud. • You lose heat and become tiny droplets of water as thermal energy transfers into the cooler atmosphere. Travel to Cloud.

22. 2 Ocean’s Impact on Temperature

23. Influences of Weather & Climate Reading Science Why Do Different Areas Have Different Climates? What is the difference? https://app.acceleratelearning.com/scopes/13735/elements/883381 CLIMATE WEATHER Influences of Weather & Climate Content Connections Video: Influences of Weather & Climate Discovery Education Weather and Climate:Weather https://app.acceleratelearning.com/scopes/13735/elements/630669 https://app.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/7053d665-da3f-444e-9a74-fd3faff0035d/

24. LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE Earth is basically a sphere turning on an axis, much the way a top spins. The North Pole is at one end of the axis and the South Pole is at the other. Between the poles in the middle is an imaginary line called the equator. https://aacps.discoveryeducation.com/learn/videos/9954446a-d953-41f6-acab-4801d4ef7224/

25. LATITUDE VS. LONGITUDE The latitude of a location is its distance north or south of the equator. The longitude of a location is its distance east or west of the prime meridian Lines run from pole to pole (North to South), but measure left to right (East to West) The equator is 0° latitude. North Pole = 90° N South Pole = 90° S. Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator. Lines run left to right (East to West), but measure from pole to pole (North to South) There are 180° to the West and 180° to the East. Credit: Illinois State University

26. Why do areas have different climates • Climates around the world can be divided into 5 general types: tropical, dry, moderate, continental, and polar. Latitude, terrain, altitude and closeness to a large body of water all play a role in the climate of a location. • Latitude affects the amount of sunlight a given area receives. Within 30 degrees of the equator, the sun shines nearly perpendicular to Earth’s surface. These areas receive the maximum amount of energy from the sun. They get the most heart. The angle of the sun’s rays is much shallower at higher latitudes. These latitudes receive much less energy. • Rotational speed of Earth affects air circulation. Air moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. High pressure comes from cooler air sinking toward the ground. Low pressure comes from warm air rising from the ground. Air moving from high to low pressure is wind. The rotation of Earth keeps the wind from blowing in a straight line. It’s path becomes curved. In the northern hemisphere, wind is deflected (changed direction) to the right. In the southern hemisphere, wind is deflected to the left. Strong winds are deflected more than weak winds. The force responsible for the deflection is called the Coriolis Effect. It is a result of Earth’s rotation. • Each hemisphere has 3 bands of circulating air masses. One band is between 0 and 30 degrees. The middle band is between 30 and 60 degrees. A 3rd band is between 60 and 90 degrees. Climate is stable close to the equator. Warm air rises making low pressure. High in the atmosphere, the air starts to flow toward the poles. As the air mass moves northward in the northern hemisphere, it cools. Some of the air sinks and flows back towards the equator along the earth’s surface. More simply: Air rises at the equator, flowing toward the poles. Then air sinks at higher latitude flowing back to the equator.

27. Why do areas have different climates • Rising air at the equator makes clouds and rain. The descending air near 30 degrees latitude makes persistent high-pressure systems that circle Earth called the subtropical ridge. There are also many major deserts on this latitude. The winds in the mid-latitudes come from the west toward the east between 30 and 60 degrees. They are strongest in the winter and weakest in the summer. The climate is temperate and has seasons. 60 degree latitudes are the polar regions where cold air sinks, making high pressure. Strong winds blow south at the north pole and north at the south pole. There is little precipitation at the poles. • Landforms also affect climate. Temperature decreases with altitude. At higher altitude, air pressure is lower, leading to lower temperatures. As air rises, it gets colder. • Water can store and release huge amounts of energy. Earth gets energy from the sun in the form of solar radiation, but the energy from the sun doesn’t hit Earth equally. Ocean currents transport heat energy around the world. Ocean currents can move warm water into an area. Ocean currents increase the temperature and humidity in the area. If cold water is moved into an area by ocean currents, it can lower surface air temperatures. Cold water means less evaporation. This leads to colder and drier conditions in the areas nearby. • The heat energy in the water is transferred to the air. All ocean current have a set route. They will affect the climates of islands and coastal areas and that’s how general weather patterns are predicted.

28. Coastal and Inland Climates Places at the same latitude may have very different climates if one is on a coast and one is inland. On the coast, the climate is influenced by warm moist air from the ocean. A coastal climate is usually mild. Summers aren’t too hot, and winters aren’t too cold. Precipitation can be high due to the moisture in the air. This is a maritime climate. Further inland, the climate is influenced by cold or hot air from the land. This air may be dry, because it comes from over land. An inland climate is usually more extreme. Winters may be very cold, and summers may be very hot. Precipitation can be low. This is a continental climate. Phenomena NO! Oceans and Climate When a place is near an ocean, the water can have a big effect on the climate. Do places that are the same distance from the Equator have the same climate?

29. Ocean Currents and Climate Ocean currents carry warm or cold water throughout the world’s oceans. They help to even out the temperatures in the oceans. This also affects the temperature of the atmosphere and the climate around the world. Currents that are near shore have a direct impact on climate. They may make the climate much colder or warmer. The Influence of the Ocean • The ocean has a big effect on climate. Compare the temperatures of these three cities. Each of these cities is located at 37°N latitude, within the westerly winds • The climate of San Francisco is influenced by the Pacific Ocean. The cool California current comes from the north. Upwelling brings cold water from the deep. So the water offshore is cold. Virginia Beach is near the Atlantic Ocean but its temperatures are more like Wichita than San Francisco. Why is the climate in Virginia Beach less influenced by the ocean than San Francisco? The wind is blowing in the direction of west to east at that latitude. The weather in San Francisco comes from over the Pacific Ocean. Much of the weather in Virginia comes from the continent. The Gulf Stream moves warm equatorial water up the western Pacific and into northern Europe. The warm water raises temperatures in the British Isles.

30. A Simple Summary • The relationship between air temperature and air pressure is that warm air rises, creating an area of low pressure • Longitude has the least influence on climate • The uneven heating of Earth’s surface is mainly responsible for weather on Earth • Solar radiation is energy from the sun that reaches Earth • Ocean currents have a great effect on air temperature

31. WEATHERVS. CLIMATE The weather of a place averaged over a long period of time. Scientists study climate to look for trends to predict possible longer term or more permanent climate changes. CLIMATE WEATHER The day-to-day state of the atmosphere, and its short-term variation. Weather is the combination of temperature, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness, visibility, and wind. Ex: Today’s high will be 65 degrees. Ex: July is usually hot.

32. Reflection Questions Question: What creates regional climates? Answer: Earth’s rotation and unequal heating from the Sun create patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Question: What causes thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes to develop? Answer: Thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes develop because of the movement and interactions of air masses, high- and low-pressure systems, and frontal boundaries. Question: How is weather different from climate? Answer: Weather is what happens in the atmosphere each day. Weather is different from climate because it is a daily event rather than a pattern over time.

33. Water has a higher heat capacity than sand/soil, meaning it takes more energy to increase the temperature of water compared to other substances. Ex: When you are at the beach in the summertime, the sand is very hot during the day, but at night, it is very cool. However, the water will stay a consistent temperature day or night. HEAT CAPACITY the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree

34. HEAT CAPACITY

35. HEAT CAPACITY Inland areas: More extreme temperatures Areas surrounded by land can warm quickly, but cool quickly also. Coastal areas: Warmer & more consistent temperatures Areas near a large body of water take a while to get warm, but once warm, take a while to cool down.

36. Specific Heat Capacity The amount of heath energy (in joules) needed to raise the temperature of each KG by 1 Degree Celsius • A joule is a measure of energy released over a period of time • KG (Kilogram) = 1000 grams https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CgL6P6o81I