1 / 21

Historical background of tumor markers

Historical background of tumor markers. The first TM reported was Bence Jones protein. Since its discovery in 1847 by precipitation of a protein in acidified boiled urine , the measurement of B.J.P has been a diagnostic test for Multiple myloma (plasma cell tumor).

lei
Download Presentation

Historical background of tumor markers

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Historical background of tumor markers The first TM reported was Bence Jones protein. Since its discovery in 1847 by precipitation of a protein in acidified boiled urine , the measurement of B.J.P has been a diagnostic test for Multiple myloma (plasma cell tumor). The general application of TM for monitoring cancer patient start with the discovery of AFP in 1963 and CEA in 1965.

  2. Definition of TM A substance produced or induced by tumor cells and released into blood , body fluids or expressed on cell surface , that can be used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a tumor. Few markers are specific for a single individual tumor ( tumor-specific markers ) Most are found with different tumors of the same tissue type (tumor-associated markers )

  3. Classification of TM Enzymes & isoenzymes Hormones Oncofetal antigens Carbohydrates markers Proteins Receptors & other markers Genetic markers (Oncogenes & suppressor gene mutations )

  4. Potential uses of TM Screening in general population Clinical staging of cancer Prognostic indicator for disease progress Evaluation of treatment success Detection the recurrence of cancer Monitoring response to therapy Radioimmunolocalization of tumor

  5. Recommended Cancer ScreeningTests

  6. Predictive Markers ER and PR: For predicting response to hormone therapy in breast cancer HER-2: For predicting response to trastuzumab (Herceptin) in breast cancer

  7. Disease Management Most TM are used to monitor treatment and progression of cancer . Single determination does not allow definite conclusion. Combining different markers can improve the diagnostic precision. Normal level ( negative result ) does not exclude malignancy.

  8. Enzymes & Isoenzymes

  9. Hormones

  10. Oncofetal Ags :Normally produced proteins during fetal life, decrease to low levels or disappear after birth and reappear in cancer patients

  11. Carbohydrate markers: Either are antigens on the tumor cell surface or are secreted by the tumor cellsThey are high molecular weight mucins or blood group antigens

  12. Proteins TM

  13. Other tumor markers

  14. Genetic Markers Two classes of genes are involved in the development of cancer : Oncogens : cell activation genes that code for products involved in normal cellular processes such as growth factor signaling pathways. over expression ( activation ) of oncogens will lead to abnormal cell growth , resulting in malignancy (mostly hematological malignancy ).

  15. Some oncogens found in human tumors

  16. 2. Suppressor genes Genes involved in the recognition and repair of damaged DNA. The loss of function of this genes cause inability of DNA repair and lead to tumor formation ( mostly solid tumors ) . The oncogenicity is derived from the loss of the gene rather than activation .

  17. Some S. genes found in human tumors

  18. Genetic Testing for CancerSusceptibility Genetic testing should be carried out: # If the individual has personal or family history suggestive of cancer susceptibility # If the test can be adequately interpreted # If the test will aid the diagnosis or influence the medical or surgical management of the patient or family members J Clin Oncol 2003;21:1

  19. How to identify tumor marker ? On cell Cytochemistry, Flow cytometry On tissue Histochemistry, Cytosol assays In body fluids Blood, urine, CSF, Amniotic fluid

More Related