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    2. Quick questions or quandaries?

    3. Announcements Reading review due and plagiarism certificate due now. The first major assignment is not due until March 7th. However, you are already working on it via your readings reviews – make sure that you carefully review the Key Concept paper assignment description ASAP, so that you can gear your readings reviews toward completion of that assignment. Please look over the assignment descriptions and grading criteria – please make an appointment to see me with any questions.

    4. APA Tip of the Day: Quotation marks inside quotes “The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax” (APA, 2010, p. 172). This means that you can do things like getting rid of the final period or question mark at the end of a quote without indicating this change.

    5. APA Example From: The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax. To: “The punctuation mark at the end of a sentence may be changed to fit the syntax” (APA, 2010, p. 172).

    6. Today’s Topic: Introducing theories of language development

    7. Important dates in the history of language development theory: 1957: Skinner publishes “Verbal behavior” – a behaviorist explanation for language development 1959: Chomsky publishes a negative review of “Verbal behavior” in Language. 1965: Chomsky published “Aspects of the theory of syntax” (a nativist explanation of language development).

    8. NOTE! As of yet, there is no one theory of language development which: Is universally accepted as the explanation for first language development, or Explains all aspects of language development: syntax, morphology, semantics, phonology, and pragmatics.

    9. Famous Behavior Theorists: Pavlov Watson Skinner Hewett Lovaas

    10. Classical Conditioning

    11. What is learning? According to behaviorists, “learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior.”

    12. What is learning? According to behaviorists, “learning occurs as a result of the consequences of behavior.”

    13. The A, B, C’s of behaviorism: Antecendent Behavior Consequence

    14. Operant Conditioning: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment

    15. Two other mechanisms for learning: Shaping: Reinforcement of “subsequent approximations” of the target behavior. Modeling: Learning by watching and imitating.

    16. Think-Pair-Share What had you heard about how children develop language before coming to this class? What observations of early language development have you made that seem to be consistent with behaviorist explanations?

    18. But… “Language is a socially shared code, or conventional system, that represents ideas through arbitrary, agreed upon symbols and rules that govern the combination of these symbols.”

    19. Contrary evidence for a behaviorist explanation of language development: “He brunged his lunch”

    20. Other contrary evidence Young infants learn are born with the ability to discriminate between a variety of sounds that are not in their own language. However, by 6-9 months, they lose the ability to differentiate between similar sounds that are not distinct phonemes in their language (e.g. /l/ and /r/ for Japanese speakers). But children at that age are not yet using words. How do they learn this without behavioral reinforcement?

    21. Yes? No? Maybe? Small to whole group discussion: What are the arguments for and against behaviorism as the explanation for language development? Are you convinced either way? What are your reasons? What questions do you still have?

    22. Quick Write What understandings about theories of language development did you take away from the de Valenzuela and Niccolai (2004) reading?

    23. Hypothesis Testing Formulaic speech (i.e. went) Rule formation (i.e. –ed) Over-extension (i.e. goed) Exceptional to the rule (i.e. went)

    24. Example of grammatical over-extension and resistance to correction: Child: he falled down Mom: no Timmy, he fell down Child: yeah, he falled down

    25. Brown’s First 14 Morphemes: present progressive -ing (without auxiliary) ‘in’ ‘on’ regular plural –s irregular past possessive –s uncontractible copula (to be as main verb) articles regular past -ed regular 3rd person –s irregular 3rd person uncontractible auxiliary contractible copula contractible auxiliary

    26. Criticisms of a behavioral theory of language development: Overly simplistic explanation. Overlooks learner contributions Untestable. Ignores un-reinforceable development (e.g. phonological knowledge) and unreinforced productions – does not explain the acquisition of underlying rules.

    27. Note: These are criticisms of behaviorism as a theory of language development. It is not a criticism of applied behavior analysis as a method of teaching discrete behaviors.

    28. Misconception Alert! observation & imitation ? operant conditioning

    29. Imitation ? Behaviorism “It seems quite beyond question that children acquire a good deal of their verbal and nonverbal behavior by casual observation and imitation of adults and other children” [emphasis added] (Chomsky, 1959, p. 42).

    31. UG and LAD Important components of nativist theories of language acquisition are: Language acquisition device Universal grammar

    32. The Nativist Explanation: “Children are born with a specific innate ability to discover for themselves the underlying rules of a language system on the basis of the samples of a natural language they are exposed to.”

    33. Nature AND Nurture According to Chomsky (1959), the characteristics of complex organisms “are in general a complicated product of inborn structure, the genetically determined course of maturation, and past experience (p. 27).

    34. Inborn structure????

    36. Chomskyan Nativism “The child’s language ‘grows in the mind’ as the visual system develops the capacity for binocular vision, or as the child undergoes puberty at a certain stage of maturation. Language acquisition is something that happens to a child placed in a certain environment, not something the child does.”

    37. Universal Grammar Definition “Innate linguistic knowledge which, it is hypothesized, consists of a set of principles common to all languages. This term is associated with Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition.”

    38. Think-Pair-Share Individually reflect on what we’ve talked about so far tonight. What seem to be important points? What isn‘t clear? How does this perhaps relate to your work with individuals with intensive communication needs? Talk about your thoughts with a partner. Share with the group as a whole.

    39. Main Points: Behaviorism is generally not accepted as an adequate theoretical explanation for the development of complex cognitive systems, such as language. The nativist explanation of language development, as acquired not learned, is diametrically opposed to behavioral theories.

    40. It is possible that different theoretical explanations might account for the development of different aspects of language and/or communication.

    41. Small Group Activity: Summarize the development of early communication and language development presented in Cattell using big paper.

    42. Looking ahead… Social and interactionist perspectives on language development

    43. .

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