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Revision Algebra II

Learn how to factorise binomials, trinomials, and the sum and difference of two cubics in algebra. This guide explains the process and provides examples to help you understand factorisation.

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Revision Algebra II

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  1. Revision Algebra II Factorisation of Binomials, Trinomials, Sum & Difference of Two Cubics By I Porter

  2. Factors • A factor of a term or number divides into that term or number, without a remainder. • For examples, the factors of • 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18. • 6x2 are 1, 2, 3, 6, x, 2x, 3x, 6x, x2, 2x2, 3x2 and 6x2. • 4xy are 1, 2, 4, x, y, 2x, 2y, 4x, 4y, xy, 2xy and 4xy. • The highest common factor (HCF) of 4xy and 6x2 is 2x. The product of a(b + c) is ab + ac and the product of (a + b)(c + d) is ac + ad + bc + bd, we say, these two results are written in expanded form. When they are written in the form a(b + c) and (a + b)(c + d), we say they are in factored form. Factorisation is the process whereby an expression in expanded form, such as ab + ac, is changed to factored form, such as a(b + c).

  3. = x(a + b) + y(a+ b) = (a + b) Factorising by Grouping Algebraic expressions with 4 terms do not have a factor common to every term. Such expressions can often be factorised by first grouping the terms in pairs. ax+ bx + ay +by (x + y) Examples: Fully factorise the following a) a(b - 3) + 6(b - 3) b) ac + ad + bc + bd c) 4x2 - 4xy + x - y = a(b - 3) + 6(b - 3) = ac + ad + bc + bd = 4x2 - 4xy + x - y = (b - 3) (a + 6) = a(c + d) + b(c + d) = 4x(x - y) + 1(x - y) = (c + d) (a + b) =(x - y) (4x + 1)

  4. More Examples: [negative signs as a factor] e) 6x2 - 4x - 3xy + 2y d) mn + 4n - m - 4 = 2 x3x2 -2 x 2x-3xy+2y = mn + 4n-(m+ 4) = 2x(3x - 2)- y(3x -2) = n(m + 4) - 1(m + 4) = (3x - 2)(2x -y) = (m + 4) (n - 1) Exercise: Fully factorise the following a) ab + 5a + 2b + 10 b) xy - 3x + 2y - 6 c) 3c2 - 2cd + 3cd2 - 2d3 = (a + 2)(b + 5) = (x + 2)(y - 3) = (c + d2)(3c - 2d) d) ab + 2b - 3a - 6 e) 2x2 - 6x - xy + 3y f) 4c2 + 12c - cd - 3d = (a + 2)(b - 3) = (2x - y)(x - 3) = (4c - d)(c + 3)

  5. = (a - b)(a + b) Factorising the difference of 2 squares: a2 - b2 Examples: Factorise. b) x2 - 9 c) 9x2 - 25 a) n2 - p2 = (x)2 - (3)2 = (3x)2 - (5)2 = (n - p) (n + p) = (x - 3) (x + 3) = (3x - 5) (3x + 5) d) 4x2 - y2 e) 5x2 - 45 f) 32x2 - 18y2 = (2x)2 - (y)2 = 5(x2 - 9) = 2(16x2 - 9y2) = (2x - y) (2x + y) = 5[(x)2 - (3)2] = 2[(4x)2 - (3y)2] = 5(x - 3) (x + 3) = 2(4x - 3y) (4x + 3y)

  6. Examples: Factorise a) x3 - 8 b) 8x3 + 27 Exercise: Factorise a) x2 - 36 b) 4x2 - 49 c) 9x2 - 25y2 = (x - 6)(x + 6) = (2x - 7)(2x + 7) = (3x - 5y)(3x + 5y) d) 8x2 - 50 e) 18x2 - 72y2 = 2(2x - 5)(2x + 5) = 18(x - 2y)(x + 2y) Must know for HSC Factorisation of CUBICS: a3 - b3 and a3 + b3 a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2+ab + b2) a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2-ab + b2) = x3 - 23 =(2x)3 + (3)3 = (x - 2)(x2+ 2x + 22) = (2x + 3)(4x2- 6x + 32) = (x - 2)(x2+ 2x + 4) = (2x + 3)(4x2- 6x + 9)

  7. Exercise: Factorise a) x3 - 125 b) 8x3 + y3 c) 9x3 - 72y3 = (x - 5)(x2+ 5x + 25) = (2x + y)(4x2- 2xy + y2) = 9(x - 2y)(x2+ 2xy + 2y2) Factoring quadratic trinomials: ax2 ± bx ± c • A trinomial has 3 terms. • A quadratic trinomial is an expression with 3 terms where the highest power of • a term is 2. Sum and Product Method. To factorise a trinomial of the form x2 ± bx ± c (where b and c are non-zero integers) look for two numbers P and Q such that: * Their sum is b : (P + Q = b) * Their product is c : (PQ = c) [ The first step to start may be to write out the factors of c in a systematic process.]

  8. Examples: Factorise the following: Sum = +2 Product = -24 a) x2 + 7x +12 c) x2 + 2x - 24 Sum = +7 Product = +12 Factors of -24 -24 = -1 x 24 = -2 x 12 = -3 x 8 = -4 x 6 Factor sums -1 + 24 = +23 -2 + 12 = +10 -3 + 8 = +5 -4 + 6 = +2 Factors of +12 12 = 1 x 12 = 2 x 6 = 3 x 4 Factor sums 1 + 12 = +13 2 + 6 = +8 3 + 4 = +7 Why not the (-) factors? Sum and Product are both (+) Why do the factors have different signs? Sum (+) and Product (-), largest number is (+) So, x2 + 2x - 24 = (x - 4)(x + 6) So, x2 + 7x +12 = (x + 3)(x + 4) Sum = -3 Product = -40 Sum = -8 Product = +12 b) x2 - 8x +12 d) x2 - 3x - 40 Factors of -40 -40 = 1 x -40 = 2 x -20 = 4 x -10 = 5 x -8 Factor sums 1 + -40 = -39 2 + -20 = -18 4 + -10 = -6 5 + -8 = -3 Factors of +12 12 = -1 x -12 = -2 x -6 = -3 x -4 Factor sums -1 + -12 = -13 -2 + -6 = -8 -3 + -4 = -7 Why not the (+) factors? Sum (-) and Product (+) both are (-) Why do the factors have different signs? Sum (-) and Product (-), largest number is (-) So, x2 - 8x +12 = (x - 2)(x - 6) So, x2 - 3x - 40 = (x + 5)(x - 8)

  9. Examples: Factorise a) 2x2 - 10x - 28 b) 4x2 - 20x + 24 Exercise: Factorise a) x2 - 9x + 20 b) x2 + 10x + 24 c) x2 - 8x - 48 = (x - 4)(x - 5) = (x + 4)(x + 6) = (x + 4)(x - 12) d) x2 + 2x - 48 e) x2 - 15x + 54 e) x2 + 12x - 64 = (x + 8)(x - 6) = (x - 9)(x - 6) = (x + 16)(x - 4) = 2(x2 - 5x - 14) Sum = -5 Product = -14 = 4(x2 - 5x + 6) Sum = -5 Product = +6 Factors of -14 -14 = 1 x -14 = 2 x -7 Factor sums 1 + -14 = -13 2 + -7 = -5 Factors of +6 +6 = -1 x -6 = -2 x -3 Factor sums -1 + -6 = -7 -2 + -3 = -5 So, 2x2 - 10x - 28 = 2(x + 2)(x - 7) So, 4x2 - 20x - 28 = 4(x - 2)(x - 3)

  10. Harder factorisation of quadratic trinomials: ax2 + bx + c Examples: Factorise a) 3x2 - 2x - 8 b) 6x2 + 13x - 5 Exercise: Factorise a) 7x2 - 63x + 140 b) 12x2 - 12x - 72 c) 9x2 + 36x + 27 = 7(x - 4)(x - 5) = 12(x + 2)(x - 3) = 9(x + 1)(x + 3) [ Variation of sum + product method] Step 1: multipy first and last term. 6 x -5 = -30 Step 2: Look for two numbers that have a sum of +13 and product of  -30. (I.e. -2 and +15) Step 3: Split the middle term using the number found in step 2 6x2 - 2x + 15x - 5 Step 4: Factorise. Step 1: multipy first and last term. 3 x -8 = -24 Step 2: Look for two numbers that have a sum of -2 and product of  -24. (I.e. -6 and +4) Step 3: Split the middle term using the number found in step 2 3x2 - 6x + 4x - 8 Step 4: Factorise. 6x2 + 13x - 5 = 6x2 - 2x + 15x - 5 3x2 - 2x - 8 = 3x2 - 6x + 4x - 8 = 2x(3x - 1) + 5(3x - 1) = 3x(x - 2) + 4(x - 2) = (3x - 1) (2x + 5) = (x - 2) (3x + 4) If you can use the CROSS method successfully, KEEP USING IT!

  11. Exercise: Factorise a) 2x2 + 5x + 2 b) 5x2 - 17x - 12 c) 6x2 - 7x + 1 (2x + 1)(x + 2) (5x + 3)(x - 4) (6x - 1)(x - 1) d) 4x2 + 7x - 2 e) 6x2 - 7x - 20 f) 8 + 10x - 3x2 (4x - 1)(x + 2) (2x - 5)(3x + 4) (2 + 3x)(4 - x)

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