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Problem of being in Philosophy of the New Age

Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer : PhD , docent Elena Shevchenko r : PhD , docent Elena. Problem of being in Philosophy of the New Age. For all specialities. Lecture’s plan Problem of being in the Philosophy of the New Age. Features of Modern Age

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Problem of being in Philosophy of the New Age

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  1. Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko r: PhD, docent Elena Problem of being in Philosophy of the New Age For all specialities

  2. Lecture’s plan Problem of being in the Philosophy of the New Age • Features of Modern Age • Industrial revolution and bourgeois revolution • Problems in the methodology of knowledge • The development of science • Mechanism as a feature of ontology Empiricism and Rationalism • The philosophy of Francis Bacon • The philosophy of Rene Descartes • The concept of substance 2

  3. Requirements for knowledge and skills • Knowledge • Philosophy of New Age and features of itsontology and epistemology • Conceptual distinction of philosophical thought of the Middle Ages and Modern Times. • Tendencies of modern philosophy development • Authors andterminology of the modern philosophy Skills • Be able to identify the similarities and differences between the philosophical concepts of the Middle Ages and Modern Times • Be able to orient in variety of opinions and beliefs 3

  4. Material for knowledge recovery • To prepare for the theme of “The problem of being in the modern philosophy” you must repeat the basic issues of human subjects : • Philosophy and its rolein the human life and society • Origin of philosophical thought • Problem of being in early ancient philosophy • Classical period of ancient philosophy • Middle ages philosophy 4

  5. Contents Problem of being in modern philosophy • Main concepts • Academic material • Questions for self-examination • Recommended books 5

  6. Main concepts Problem of being in modern philosophy • Anthropocentrism • Heliocentric • Humanism • Deduction • Deism • Induction • Cartesians • Modus • Monad • Rationalism • Substance • Empiric 6

  7. Main concepts Features of modern philosophy • The center and the starting point of modern philosophy is reflective subject. • It is the destruction of the medieval system of spiritual values. • The Industrial revolution begins in the 17th century. It is the transition from manual to machine handicrafts. • It is the development of mathematics and mechanics. • Bourgeois revolutions of 17-18 centuries. • Main purpose of philosophy is justification ways of achieving knowledge. It is a problem of methodology of knowledge. 7

  8. Academic material Development of science • Science takes on modern lines (features) • Principles, discovered by natural sciences are transferred to the social research • Independent social science disciplines are economics, sociology, political science. 8

  9. Academic material Mechanism as a feature of ontology • Reductionism (mechanism) is an absolutization principles of mechanics . • Deism is the recognition of God as the root cause of the nature’s development. God is an impersonal cause of the world (Galileo, Kepler, Newton). • Mechanics in 17th century considered a universal science. All natural and social processes were reduced to mechanical forms of movement. 9

  10. Academic material The dispute between empiricism and rationalism • Empiricism.The main source of reliable scientific knowledge is experience. Empiricism is focused on the natural sciences. • Bacon is the main representative of empiricism • главным источником достоверного научного знания опыт. Ориентация на естественные науки. • Главный представитель Ф.Бэкон. • е науки. • Главный представитель Ф.Бэкон. • Rationalism. – Main sources of knowledge are the reason, logical reasoning, theoretical generalizations. • Rationalism focuses on mathematics. • Rene Descartes is the founder of rationalism. 10

  11. Academic material He problem of being in modern philosophy 11

  12. Academic material Francis Bacon Рисунок • Bacon wrote a treatise “The new Organon” • Bacon’s motto is: «Knowledge is force». Knowledge encourages people to action. • Practical importance of knowledge. The purpose of scientific knowledge is good to the human race. • Philosophy should be possible to be associated with the results of practical human activity. • The methods of empirical knowledge are the analysis, observation, experiment. The basic method of science is induction. • The human mind must be freed from the “idols” (preconceived ideas). 12

  13. Academic material Rene Descartes Рисунок • Descartes's books are “Discourse of Method” and “Principles of Philosophy”. • Descartes believed that the feelings are distorting reality • The main method of knowledge is deduction. It is the reliance on reliable axiom. • Only argument, the idea may be true («I think, therefore I exist».) • Doubt is a search of reliable knowledge. • “Universal mathematics” is a single scientific method. The world is a machine as a set of aggregates. 13

  14. Acquired knowledge • Knowledge of modern time • Knowledge about the conceptual differences of philosophical thought of Middle Ages and Modern Times. • Knowledge about modern philosophical tendencies. • Knowledge about authors andmodern philosophical terminology. 14

  15. Questions for self-examination • Why XVII called the “century of genius”? • What are the characteristics of modern ontology? • What are the representatives of the empirical and rationalistic methods of knowledge? What is the essence of these methods? • Describe the essence of Bacon’s theory “of idols”. • What is the dualism of Descartes method? • Define the methods of deduction and induction. 15

  16. Recommended books 1. Introduction in Philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – М., 2003 2. Philosophy: Textbook for higher education/edited by V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P. Ratnikov. – М., 2001. 3. Philosophical dictionary/Edited byI.Т. Frolov. – М., 2001 4. Human being. The thinkers of the past and present about his life, death and eternity. Antiquity – Age of Enlightenment. M, 1991. 6. IlyinV. History of philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – St. Petersburg, 2003. 16

  17. Использование материалов презентации Использование данной презентации, может осуществляться только при условии соблюдения требований законов РФ об авторском праве и интеллектуальной собственности, а также с учетом требований настоящего Заявления. Презентация является собственностью авторов. Разрешается распечатывать копию любой части презентации для личного некоммерческого использования, однако не допускается распечатывать какую-либо часть презентации с любой иной целью или по каким-либо причинам вносить изменения в любую часть презентации. Использование любой части презентации в другом произведении, как в печатной, электронной, так и иной форме, а также использование любой части презентации в другой презентации посредством ссылки или иным образом допускается только после получения письменного согласия авторов. 17

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