MONDAY- US Entering into WWII Notes provided By: Mrs. Alford Have notes ready to fill in.

1. MONDAY- US Entering into WWIINotes provided By: Mrs. Alford Have notes ready to fill in.

2. THE UNITED STATES IN WORLD WAR II AMERICA TURNS THE TIDE

3. Treaty of Versailles Rise of Hitler Rise of fascism in Italy Japanese expansionism Nationalism Major Causes of World War II Economic depression Militarism Anti- communism Appeasement

4. Treaty of Versailles • After Germany lost WWI, the winning nations drafted a treaty to address issues such as territorial adjustments, reparations, armament restrictions, war guilt and the League of Nations. • The treaty punished Germany and left bitter feelings. • Germany was forced to accept all the blame for the war and pay millions in reparations to Britain and France. • Italy was disappointed that it was denied territory promised by Britain and France. British Prime Minister George Italian Prime Minister Orlando French Prime Minister Clemenceau U.S. President Wilson “Big Four”

5. The Rise of Fascism in Italy Fascism is a totalitarian form of government which: • Glorifies the state • Has one leader and one party • All aspects of society are controlled by the government • No opposition or protests are tolerated • Propaganda and censorship are widely practiced Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922 and helped found the political ideology of fascism. He sided with the Axis powers in 1940.

6. In Germany, depression, unemployment and hard times led to a dramatic increase in votes for Hitler and the Nazi Party. Voting for Hitler’s party increased as unemployment rates rose

7. Worldwide Economic Depression • After WWI many European economies were unstable. • The boom in the U.S. throughout the 1920s helped sustain worldwide trade. • The 1929 stock market crash in the U.S. and the resulting Great Depression spread throughout the world. U.S. restrictive tariff policies worsened the depression. • As economies plummeted and unemployment rose, many people turned to powerful leaders and governments who promised success through military buildup and the conquest of territory. German breadlines Japanese children eating radish roots during famine

8. Japanese Expansionism • In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria for raw materials. • The same year, Japan began to attack China, with full-scale war breaking out in 1937 in the Sino-Japanese War. • In 1938, war broke out between Japan and the Soviet Union in what were known as the Soviet-Japanese Border Wars.

9. Anti-Communism • Under communism, all means of production are controlled by the government, as are property, the media, and all other aspects of society. • The 1930s saw the rise of many totalitarian regimes; but most people chose fascism over communism. • Hitler exploited people’s fear of a communist takeover in Germany to rise to power in 1933. A Battle for Germany: Nazi anti-communist book from 1933

10. Appeasement • Appeasement is the act of giving in to an enemy’s demands in hopes of avoiding further conflict. • In 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany. He claimed that the German population living there was being mistreated. • The British and French prime ministers agreed to Hitler’s demands without consulting Czechoslovakian leaders, in the hopes that this would avoid a war in Europe.

11. Militarism • The glorification of war, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war. • An important aspect of militarism is that the glorification of war is incorporated into all levels of society, including education of the nation’s youth. • Militaristic societies have existed throughout human history. Hitler Youth group Ancient Sparta is an example of a militaristic society

12. Nationalism • Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own nation over all others. • In the extreme, it can lead to major conflicts between nations. • Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan’s Tojo each touted their nation’s ability to dominate all others in the years leading up to WWII. Nazi flag, Italian fascist logo, Japanese flag

13. American Isolationism • The failure of peace efforts such as the Kellogg Briand Treaty during the 1920s disillusioned many Americans about international involvement. • The U.S. was in a major depression throughout the 1930s and was mostly concerned with its own problems. • Conflict in Europe seemed distant, and the U.S. tried to remain neutral. This policy weakened the European democracies. The Nye Committee held congressional hearings in the mid-1930s, concluding that the U.S. was tricked into entering WWI by arms manufacturers and Allied propaganda.

14. Theaters of War: Where WWII Was Fought Europe Atlantic Ocean Asia North Africa Pacific

15. HITLER’S WWII PARTNERS

16. India Brazil THEALLIED POWERS IN WWII

17. Allies Great Britain France Soviet Union (after 6/1941) U.S. (after 12/1941) Plus many smaller European nations Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Allies v. Axis Powers

18. SECTION 1: MOBILIZING FOR DEFENSE • After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they thought America would avoid further conflict with them • The Japan Times newspaper said America was “trembling in their shoes” • But if America was trembling, it was with rage, not fear • “Remember Pearl Harbor” was the rallying cry as America entered WWII

19. AMERICANS RUSH TO ENLIST • After Pearl Harbor five million Americans enlisted to fight in the war • The Selective Service expanded the draft and eventually provided an additional 10 million soldiers

20. WOMEN JOIN THE FIGHT • Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) • Under this program women worked in non-combat roles such as nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, and pilots

21. Building an Army • Selective Service and Training Act (first peacetime draft in history) • G.I’s “Government Issue”: brought by the government issued uniforms, boots, • Basic Training • Segregated (Tuskegee Airmen) • Women in the military in 1942, Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) → (WAC) and were in the Navy, Coast Guard, marines, army, nurses COST-PLUS

22. ALL AMERICANS FOUGHT Despite discrimination at home, minority populations contributed to the war effort • 1,000,000 African Americans served in the military • 300,000 Mexican-Americans • 33,000 Japanese Americans • 25,000 Native Americans • 13,000 Chinese Americans These “Golden 13” Great Lakes officers scored the highest marks ever on the Officers exam in 1944

23. MOBILIZATION OF SCIENTISTS • In 1941, FDR created the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to bring scientists into the war effort • Focus was on radar and sonar to locate submarines • Also the scientists worked on penicillin and pesticides like DDT

24. MANHATTAN PROJECT • The most important achievement of the OSRD was the secret development of the atomic bomb • Einstein wrote to FDR warning him that the Germans were attempting to develop such a weapon • The code used to describe American efforts to build the bomb was the “Manhattan Project”

25. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD • To ensure the troops had ample resources, FDR created the WPB • The WPB decided which companies would convert to wartime production and how to best allocate raw materials to those industries

26. Transforming Industries • Cost-Plus- agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make products plus % of cost as profit • Automobile- Tanks, jeeps, trucks, artillery • Ship Yards • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)- gave loans by government to help cover cost for converting to war production

27. COLLECTION DRIVES • The WPB also organized nationwide drives to collect scrap iron, tin cans, paper, rags and cooking fat for recycling • Additionally, the OPA set up a system of rationing • Households had set allocations of scarce goods – gas, meat, shoes, sugar, coffee

28. WWII Poster encouraging conservation

30. TUESDAY: European Theater

31. SECTION 2: THE WAR FOR EUROPE AND NORTH AFRICA • Days after Pearl Harbor, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived at the White House and spent three weeks working out war plans with FDR • They decided to focus on defeating Hitler first and then turn their attention to Japan

32. Battle of the Atlantic • 1939 – 1945 (Jan. 1942 – July 1943 were decisive) • German U-Boats were sinking unprotected U.S. and other Allies' merchant ships • Allies began using convoys to protect ships • Convoys or (Liberty ship) were much like U-boats, but cheaper and harder to sink • The United States began building ships through the automobile factories. • The Allies also used a sonar system to detect German U-Boats • The Germans were very successful in the beginning, but by mid - 1943, the Allies had the upper hand

33. THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC • After America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent foods and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR from America’s east coast • He ordered submarine raids on U.S. ships on the Atlantic • During the first four months of 1942 Germany sank 87 U.S. ships The power of the German submarines was great, and in two months' time almost two million tons of Allied ships were resting on the ocean floor. Efforts were soon made to restrict German subs' activities.

35. THE EASTERN FRONT & MEDITERRANEAN • Hitler wanted to wipe out Stalingrad – a major industrial center • In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern Soviet Union • By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea • The first great turning point was the Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad was a huge Allied victory

36. BATTLE OF STALINGRAD • For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad • Germans violated nonaggression pact, wanted soviet fields • Then winter set in and the Germans were wearing summer uniforms • The Germans surrendered in January of 1943 • Allied Victory Wounded in the Battle of Stalingrad

37. THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT • “Operation Torch” – an invasion of Axis -controlled North Africa --was launched by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1942 • Allied troops landed in Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in Algeria • They sped eastward chasing the Afrika Korps led by German General Edwin Rommel American tanks roll in the deserts of Africa and defeat German and Axis forces

38. Allied troops landed in Casa-blanca, Oran and the Algiers

39. CASABLANCA MEETING • FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca and decided their next moves • 1) Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italy • 2) Only unconditional surrender would be accepted FDR and Churchill in Casablanca

40. ITALIAN CAMPAIGN – ANOTHER ALLIED VICTORY • The Italian Campaign got off to a good start as the Allies easily took Sicily • At that point King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini of his power and had him arrested • However, Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy • Heated battles ensued and it wasn’t until 1945 that Italy was secured by the Allies

41. TUSKEGEE AIRMEN • Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of the all-black 99th squadron – the Tuskegee Airmen • The pilots made numerous effective strikes against Germany and won two distinguished Unit Citations

42. ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPE Allies sent fake coded messages indicating they would attack here • Even as the Allies were battling for Italy, they began plans on a dramatic invasion of France • It was known as “Operation Overlord” and the commander was American General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Also called “D-Day,” the operation involved 3 million U.S. & British troops and was set for June 6, 1944- (24 day attack)

43. D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944ALLIED VICTORY • D-Day was the largest land-sea-air operation in military history • Despite air support, German retaliation was brutal – especially at Omaha Beach • Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehicles D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land

44. OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

45. Landing at Normandy

46. Losses were extremely heavy on D-Day

47. FRANCE FREED • By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg • That good news – and the American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in midstream” – helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4th term General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing France

48. VS.

49. BATTLE OF THE BULGE • In October 1944, Americans captured their first German town (Aachen)– the Allies were closing in • Hitler responded with one last ditch massive offensive • Hitler hoped breaking through the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines

50. BATTLE OF THE BULGE • The battle raged for a month – the Germans had been pushed back • Little seemed to have changed, but in fact the Germans had sustained heavy losses • Germany lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 1,600 planes • From that point on the Nazis could do little but retreat The Battle of the Bulge was Germany’s last gasp