Case Study - Hydrocarbons Presented to: Alternative Cooling Earls Court Conference Centre Tuesday 31st March 2009

2. At its height, halocarbon emissions from all sources accounted for about 24% of man made global warming. Improved working practices and the switch from CFCs have resulted in a significant improvement in this figure. However, the improvement is not as great as many would believe. In 1995, in order to prevent the United States from claiming credit for global warming reductions resulting from the elimination of gases already covered under the Montreal Protocol, the IPCC made the decision to exclude all substances covered by the Montreal Protocol (i.e. all ozone depleting substances, including CFCs and HCFCs) from their global warming calculations. However, unforeseen consequences resulted from this decision. The quoted calculation of the contribution of halocarbons to global warming dropped overnight to 3% because those substances covered by the Montreal Protocol were excluded from the calculations even though they were causing global warming! Ironically, therefore, in attempting to prevent the USA from double counting, the IPCC gave the F-Gas lobby the excuse to claim that halocarbons cause no more than 3% of global warming. The correct figures were first published by the IPCC in its Climate Change Third Assessment Report (2001). The most recent figures, just published in the IPCC Climate Change 2007 Report are: CO2 62.9%CH4 18.2%Halocarbons 12.9%N2O 6.1% In 2001 the halocarbon figure was 14%, so despite the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols we have only managed to achieve a very modest 1.1% reduction in 6 years!At its height, halocarbon emissions from all sources accounted for about 24% of man made global warming. Improved working practices and the switch from CFCs have resulted in a significant improvement in this figure. However, the improvement is not as great as many would believe. In 1995, in order to prevent the United States from claiming credit for global warming reductions resulting from the elimination of gases already covered under the Montreal Protocol, the IPCC made the decision to exclude all substances covered by the Montreal Protocol (i.e. all ozone depleting substances, including CFCs and HCFCs) from their global warming calculations. However, unforeseen consequences resulted from this decision. The quoted calculation of the contribution of halocarbons to global warming dropped overnight to 3% because those substances covered by the Montreal Protocol were excluded from the calculations even though they were causing global warming! Ironically, therefore, in attempting to prevent the USA from double counting, the IPCC gave the F-Gas lobby the excuse to claim that halocarbons cause no more than 3% of global warming. The correct figures were first published by the IPCC in its Climate Change Third Assessment Report (2001). The most recent figures, just published in the IPCC Climate Change 2007 Report are: CO2 62.9%CH4 18.2%Halocarbons 12.9%N2O 6.1% In 2001 the halocarbon figure was 14%, so despite the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols we have only managed to achieve a very modest 1.1% reduction in 6 years!

3. No Significant Reduction in Halocarbon Consumption since 1995

4. EU F � Gas Directive Instead we have the F-Gas Regulation and the related Directive! The EU has agreed a Directive dealing with fluorinated gases used in vehicles (MACs) and a Regulation tackling stationary applications. The directive will phase out HFC-134a in vehicle air conditioning systems from 2011, and as the Montreal Protocol has proven, phase out achieves its objective. The Regulation aims to improve containment, and will be reviewed after four years. It�s worth considering how �containment� is supposed to be achieved:Instead we have the F-Gas Regulation and the related Directive! The EU has agreed a Directive dealing with fluorinated gases used in vehicles (MACs) and a Regulation tackling stationary applications. The directive will phase out HFC-134a in vehicle air conditioning systems from 2011, and as the Montreal Protocol has proven, phase out achieves its objective. The Regulation aims to improve containment, and will be reviewed after four years. It�s worth considering how �containment� is supposed to be achieved:

5. So the crucial question becomes the availability or otherwise of effective alternatives to HFCs. Although there is no one silver bullet with which to kill off HFCs; So the crucial question becomes the availability or otherwise of effective alternatives to HFCs. Although there is no one silver bullet with which to kill off HFCs;

17. New Restrictions

18. Floor Standing Units � Banned!

19. Low Level wall Units � Banned!

20. Window Units � Banned!

21. Split Portables � Banned!

22. High Wall, ceiling, cassette & ducted � All OK!

24. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

25. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

26. So the crucial question becomes the availability or otherwise of effective alternatives to HFCs. Although there is no one silver bullet with which to kill off HFCs; So the crucial question becomes the availability or otherwise of effective alternatives to HFCs. Although there is no one silver bullet with which to kill off HFCs;

27. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

28. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

29. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

30. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

31. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

32. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

34. carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide,

35. Carbon Trust Funded R&D

37. Earthcare Cabinet using Hydrocarbon refrigerant available in UK from July 2009 Hitachi Compressors energy consumption reduced by more than 15% refrigerant emmissions reduced by over 6000% CO� equivalent

41. Hydrocarbon centrifugal chillers - The Future ? The past slides have help define the �80,000� foot level view of the Turbocor Family of Compressors abilities. Now for a more detailed look at the compressor itself. To do this we will focus on five key areas: The Inverter Speed Control � The top portion of the compressor is where the inverter speed control is housed, an inverter that is standard with every Turbocor compressor. Second is the permanent magnet motor � this is the key to significant lower weight of the Turbocor compressor. By clicking on the slide the window pop up shows a 125 hp air-cooled motor (foreground) compared to that of the 160 hp permanent magnet motor (in the background). The motor and bearing control is essentially a computer. Once one has the computer it opens up a world of difference for monitoring and diagnostics. The compressor uses a two stage, direct drive, hermetic compressor. And finally, a set of Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) are provided and integrated into the compressors integrated controls. The past slides have help define the �80,000� foot level view of the Turbocor Family of Compressors abilities. Now for a more detailed look at the compressor itself. To do this we will focus on five key areas: The Inverter Speed Control � The top portion of the compressor is where the inverter speed control is housed, an inverter that is standard with every Turbocor compressor. Second is the permanent magnet motor � this is the key to significant lower weight of the Turbocor compressor. By clicking on the slide the window pop up shows a 125 hp air-cooled motor (foreground) compared to that of the 160 hp permanent magnet motor (in the background). The motor and bearing control is essentially a computer. Once one has the computer it opens up a world of difference for monitoring and diagnostics. The compressor uses a two stage, direct drive, hermetic compressor. And finally, a set of Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) are provided and integrated into the compressors integrated controls.

42. Inert Atmoshere Plant rooms to ASTM E2079-00 - The Future ? The past slides have help define the �80,000� foot level view of the Turbocor Family of Compressors abilities. Now for a more detailed look at the compressor itself. To do this we will focus on five key areas: The Inverter Speed Control � The top portion of the compressor is where the inverter speed control is housed, an inverter that is standard with every Turbocor compressor. Second is the permanent magnet motor � this is the key to significant lower weight of the Turbocor compressor. By clicking on the slide the window pop up shows a 125 hp air-cooled motor (foreground) compared to that of the 160 hp permanent magnet motor (in the background). The motor and bearing control is essentially a computer. Once one has the computer it opens up a world of difference for monitoring and diagnostics. The compressor uses a two stage, direct drive, hermetic compressor. And finally, a set of Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) are provided and integrated into the compressors integrated controls. The past slides have help define the �80,000� foot level view of the Turbocor Family of Compressors abilities. Now for a more detailed look at the compressor itself. To do this we will focus on five key areas: The Inverter Speed Control � The top portion of the compressor is where the inverter speed control is housed, an inverter that is standard with every Turbocor compressor. Second is the permanent magnet motor � this is the key to significant lower weight of the Turbocor compressor. By clicking on the slide the window pop up shows a 125 hp air-cooled motor (foreground) compared to that of the 160 hp permanent magnet motor (in the background). The motor and bearing control is essentially a computer. Once one has the computer it opens up a world of difference for monitoring and diagnostics. The compressor uses a two stage, direct drive, hermetic compressor. And finally, a set of Inlet Guide Vanes (IGVs) are provided and integrated into the compressors integrated controls.