Introduction to human body and organization of human body

1. Introduction to human body and organization of human body Ms. Haleema Shahin Asst.professor pharmacology

2. Human anatomy • Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body and the physical relationships involved between body parts. • Physiology is the study of how the parts of the body work, and the ways in which they cooperate together to maintain life and health of the individual • Gross anatomy • Microscopic anatomy

3. Surface Anatomy is the study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation (without any “cutting”). • Gross Anatomy is the study of anatomical structures visible to unaided eye. After making the appropriate surface marking in the prior picture, the gross dissection proceeds through “cutting.” • Developmental anatomy is the study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form.( For e.g., Embryology.

4. Histology is the study of tissues. • Cytology, like histology, uses a microscope, but restricts the study to individual cellular structures . • Pathology is the study of anatomical changes due to disease .

5. Level of structural organization There are 6 level of organization: 1. Chemical: The smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reaction is atoms, two or more atoms joined together to form molecules. Atoms such as C,H,O,N,P,S and Ca 2. Cellular: Molecule combined to form cell, the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Muscle cells, nerve cell and epithelial cell 3. Tissue :groups of cells and the material surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.

6. B asic type of 4 tissues are: epithelial tissue, connective muscular and nervous tissue. Epithlial tissue covers the body surfaces, forms the glands. Connective tissue connect , supports and protects the body organ. Muscular tissue contracts to make body parts to move. Nervous tissue carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulse.

7. 4.Organ level: Different types of tissue are joined together to form an organ. Organs have specific functions like stomach, skin, bones, heart, liver lungs brain. For eg: stomach’s outer covering is a layer of epithelial tissue and connective tissue that reduces the friction when stomach moves and rub against other organs. 3 layers of muscular tissue called smooth muscle tissue which contracts to churn and mix food.

8. 5.System level: system consist of related organ with common function. Nervous system, digestive system 6.Organism level: all the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism.

9. Descriptive terms in anatomy • Supine position • Prone position

10. 3. Right lateral recumbent 4. Left lateral recumbent

11. 5. Fowlers position 6. Trendelenberg position

12. Some terms in relation • Anterior • Posterior • Superior • Inferior • Medial • Lateral • Ventral • Dorsal • Proximal • Distal • Cranial • Caudal

13. Anterior: towards the front. • Posterior: towards the back. • Superior: towards the head. • Inferior: towards the feet. • Medial: towards the middle of the body (vertically). • Lateral: away from the median plane. • Ventral: side, towards the belly. • Dorsal: side, towards the back. • Proximal: nearer to the trunk. • Distal: away from the trunk. • Cranial: towards the head. • Caudal: towards the tail.

14. Anatomical Planes • Median or midsagittal plane • Sagittal plane • Coronal or frontal plane • Horizontal plane

16. Basic life process: Metabolism: is the sum of all the chemical process that occures in the body. There are 2 phses in metabolism anabolism catabolism Eg: digestive process catabolizes the proteins In food into amino acides. These amino acides are then used to anabolize or build new proteins that make up body structures such as muscle and bones.

17. 2 Responsiveness: • Is the bodies ability to detect and respond to any changes. • Different cells in the body response to a environmental changes in characterisic ways. Muscle cell by contracting, which generates force to move body parts. Movement:includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and tiny structure inside the cells. For eg: when body tissue is infected or damaged, certain white blood cell move from blood stream to affected tissue to help clean up and repair the area.

18. Growth: • Is an icrease in the body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells. An increase in the number of cells and both. • a tissue sometimes increase in size because the amount of material between cell increases. • Differentiation: is development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state. Precurser cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation, are known as stem cells.

19. Reproduction: Refers either to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement, or the production of new individual

20. Homeostasis • The composition of the internal environment is maintained Within Narrow limits, And This Fairly Constant State is Called homeostasis. • Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment. An important aspect of homeostsis is maintaining the volume and composition of the body fluids. • It is sum of all those processes, which keep the body maintained according to changes in the external environment; like temperature, osmotic pressure, acid base balance etc. For example: if a man moves to a colder area or to a hot area, the body temperature remains the same (98.4’F).

21. Body f luids are defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell. Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids is important • The fluid within the cell is intracellular body fluid • The fluid out side the cell is extracellular body fluid. • The ecf that fills the narrow space between the cells of tissue is known as interstitial fluid

22. Two integral systems and other organs help in homeostasis. • Nervous system • Endocrine system • Other organs: Sweat glands, lungs, gastro intestinal tracts. Homeostasis Control of homeostasis is constantly being challenged by: • Physical insults such as intense heat or lack of oxygen • Changes in the internal environment such as a drop in • blood glucose due to lack of food • Physiological stress such as demands of work or school • .

23. Feed back systems: Cycle of events in which the status of the body in monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored and so on. Feed back system includes 3 basic components

26. \ • Feedback System Negative Feedback systems: • Reverses a change in a controlled condition • Regulation of blood pressure Positive Feedback systems: • Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions • Normal child birth

27. Stimulus It disturbs the control mechanism Receptor It sends nerve impulses or chemical signals -VE feed back system Control centre It receives and sends nerve impulses or chemical signals Effectors It causes a change Response

30. In positive feed back system the control center still provides commands to an effector, but this time the effector produces a physiological response that adds to or rein­forces the initial change in the controlled condition. The action of a positive feedback system continues until it is interrupted by ” some mechanism,

33. Thank you