Rise of Modern Japan

1. Chapter 22.3 Rise of Modern Japan

2. 1800 – Japanese Tokugawa (military power) shogunates have ruled in Japan for 200 years. Kept out foreign trade and missionaries Isolated the country from contact with outside world Formal relations only with Korea Informal trading was with Dutch and Chinese merchants at Nagasaki. An End to Isolation

3. 1853: Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. • American fleet of four warships arrive in Edo Bay • Sought “to bring a singular and isolated people into the family of civilized nations.” • Brings letter from President Millard Fillmore • Asks for better treatment of sailors shipwrecked in Japanese waters • Requests the opening of foreign relations between the U.S. and Japan Foreign powers approach japan

4. Commandar Perry at Edo Bay

5. Six months later Perry returns with a larger fleet for his answer Some Japanese said contact would hurt Japan Others wanted concessions (political compromises) Under military pressure, Japan agrees to the Treaty of Kanagawa Perry returns for answer

6. Provides for the return of shipwrecked American sailors • Opening up of two ports to Western traders • Establishment of a U.S. consulate in Japan • 1858 – U.S. Consul Townsend Harris signs a more detailed treaty • Opens up more ports to U.S. trade • Exchange of ministers Treaty of Kanagawa

7. Resistance of new relations with foreign countries was very strong among the samurai warriors Japanesefire on Western ships in the Strait of Shimonoseki Westerners fire back and destroy the Choshu fortifications Samurai sees need to strengthen their military Resistance to the new order

8. The Sat-Cho leaders demand the Shogun resign and restore power of the emperor The Sat-Cho armies attack the Shogun’s palace in Kyoto in January of 1868 A few weeks later, the shogun’s forces collapsed, ending the shogunate system. Shogunate system collapses

9. Policy of reform begins as Japanese leaders realize they must change to survive • Emperor Mutsuhito calls new reign the Meiji • “Enlightened Rule” • Capital moved to Edo (present day Tokyo) The Meiji (MAY-jee) Restoration

10. The Meiji leaders set out to create a modern political system based on the Western model and to abolish the old order. In theory the emperor had all executive authority. Real executive authority rested in the hands of a prime minister and his cabinet of ministers. Japanese politics transform

11. Meiji leaders also set up a new system of land ownership. • A land reform program made the traditional lands of the daimyo into the private property of the peasants. • Daimyos, in exchange would get government bonds. • A burdensome tax was set on the landowners – 3% value of the land was the tax Meiji Economics

12. With this new tax, landowners had to pay the tax in good harvest and bad. Hardship of the landowners in years of bad harvest. By the 19th century, 40% of all farmers were tenant farmers as peasant farmers would have to sell land to wealthy land owners to pay their taxes Meiji Economics, cont.

13. The government gave - • subsidies to needy industries • provided training and foreign advisers • Improved transportation and communications • Started a new educational system that stressed applied science • By 1900, Japan’s industrial sector was growing Meiji economics, cont

14. Meiji’s model was “strengthen the army” so they worked to improve the military 1871 – all Japanese men served for three years The American model of education was adapted – elementary schools, secondary schools and universities Emphasis still placed on loyalty to the family, community and emperor Social structure

15. Community – lives depended on family, village and social class. • Hierarchy • “Three obedience's” for women • Child to father • Wife to husband • Widow to son • Marriages were arranged; women could not divorce Daily life

16. Women could receive an education Economy shifts from agricultural to industrial base New social relationships are established Western fashions become the rage in elite circles Ballroom dancing and baseball Western ideas incorporated

17. Commoners ere exploited in coal mines and textile mills Some worked 20 hours/day Conditions horrible Worked in harsh temperatures If workers tried to escape, they were shot Downfalls of change

18. See page 700

19. 1874– Japan starts to expand • Ryukyu Islands • 1876 – forces Korea to open ports • 1894 – China and Japan go to war over Korea • Japan’s ships destroy the Chinese fleet and seize the Manchurian city of Port Arthur • Treaty - Manchu rules of China recognize independence of Korea • Japan get Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula Joining the imperialist nations

20. Strained relations with Russia over Korea leads to war with Russia 1904 – Japan launches a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur 1905 - Russians agree to peace Japan get Liaodong Peninsula again Japan gets island north of Japan - Sakhalin

21. Japan established a sphere of influence in Korea (see map page 702) 1905 – U.S. recognizes Japan in Korea, in turn, Japan recognizes the U.S. in the Philippines 1910 – Japan annexes Korea Suspicions grow between two countries President Roosevelt makes a “gentleman’s agreement” with Japan that stops Japanese immigration to the U.S. U.S. Relations with japan

22. Western literature penetrates Japan Novels take on French style of realism Japanese copied Western artistic techniques and styles Some incorporated Western styles with traditional Japanese art Japanese styles become fashionable in Europe Japanese culture

23. Turn to page 705. read Eyewitness to History, A Letter to the Emperor Answer the three questions Assignment