IB Chemistry Opt B Human Biochemistry

1. IB ChemistryOpt B Human Biochemistry B6 Hormones

2. B.6.1 • Outline the production and function of hormones in the body.

3. Explanation • There are two major ways for the body to communicate • Nervous System • Endocrine System-based on Hormones

4. Explanation • Hormones are chemical  messengers.  •  hormones have a variety of structures including proteins, steroids, modified amino acids and fatty acids. • They are secreted directly  into the blood by endocrine glands in response to various stimuli • This is because the glands do not have ducts •  Hormones are transported using the blood stream

5. Explanation • Once the hormones are made, they only bring responses in cells that have receptors for them • AKA TARGET CELLS

6. Explanation • Examples • Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH) • controls body water content • aldosterone, •  Steroid  • regulates sodium potassium balance in the blood • estrogen, • progesterone • testosterone, • insulin, • epinephrine (adrenaline) • thyroxine

7. Functions

8. Functions

10. Sample Questions Outline the production and function of hormones in the body. 

11. Sample Questions Identify which of the two hormones is the female sex hormone and where in the human body it is produced. (2) • Progesterone is the female sex hormone and is produced in the ovaries.

12. Sources • http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.1 • http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/opc_htm/biochem.htm • Higher Level Chemistry Developed Specifically for the IB Diploma by Catrin Brown and Mike Ford  • IB Study Guides Chemistry by Geoffrey Neuss

13. B.6.2 • Compare the structures of cholesterol and the sex hormones.

14. Explanation Variable group • Sex hormones all belong to a family of organic compounds called steroids (lipids) • Consist of four contiguous carbon rings • Common steroid backbone • Different steroids have different functional groups and side chains

15. Explanation • Cholesterol = most common steroid • Essential in cell tissue, brain and nervous tissue • Chain of alkanes on one ring with -OH (hydroxyl) group on last ring

16. Male Sex Hormones • Testosterone and Androsterone • Produced in testes • Characteristics: • Anabolic - encourage the growth of tissue, muscle and bone • Androgenic - Control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics

17. Structure • Testosterone • Steroid backbone with one hydroxyl (-OH), one ketone functional group (-C=O) and one alkene functional group (C=C)

18. Female Sex Hormones • Oestradiol/estrogen and Progesterone • Produced in ovaries from puberty until menopause • Responsible for sexual development and menstrual reproductive cycles in women

19. Structure • Oestradiol/estrogen • Steroid backbone with two hydroxyl functional groups (-OH) and benzene ring with alternating C=C bonds (aromatic compound) • Progesterone • Steroid backbone with two ketone functional groups (C=O) and one alkene functional group (C=C)

20. Sample Questions Study the structure of the two sex hormones oestradiol and testosterone given in the Data Booklet. List the differences between the two structures. Oestradiol Testosterone • 2 -OH functional groups • Benzene ring with alternating C=C bonds • 1 -OH group • 1 -C=O (ketone) group • 1 -C=C (alkene) group Structural Differences

21. Sample Questions 7. The structures of two sex hormones, progesterone and testosterone, are shown in Table 22 of the Data Booklet. (a) State the names of two functional groups that are present in both hormones. (2) • carbonyl/ketone, alkene

22. Sources • http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.2 • http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/opc_htm/biochem.htm

23. B.6.3 • Describe the mode of action of oral contraceptives.

24. The Menstral Cycle and Pregnancy • beginning of the menstrual cycle • pituitary gland releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) • FSH travels to the ovaries --> causes release of estrogen • prepares for release of an egg from the ovary • prepares for build-up of the uterine wall to accept the egg once it is fertilized

25. The Menstral Cycle and Pregnancy (cont.) • after two weeks the luteinizing hormone (LH) • is released from the pituitary gland • travels to the ovaries • releases progesterone which causes the egg to be transported to the uterus • build up the uterine wall continues • If the egg is fertilized • egg embeds in the uterine wall • hormone levels rises dramatically • If the egg is not fertilized • hormone levels fall • menstruation begins

26. Oral Contraceptive aka The "Pill" • consists of estrogen and progesterone hormones • the increase in the levels of these hormones • prevents ovulation • inhibits pituitary gland from producing LH and FSH • stops the development of the utuerine linning --> prevents the attachment of the egg to the wall of the uterus • thickens the mucus around the cervix preventing sperm from entering the uterus

27. Sample Questions Outline the mode of action of oral contraceptives(3).  Answer: Estrogen- and progesterone-containing oral contraceptives inhibit the release of LH releasing hormone, which suppresses levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), therefore preventing follicular development and ovulation

28. Sources • http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.3 • http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/opc_htm/biochem.htm • image: http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/specialtopic/birth-control-and-family-planning/background.html • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12308926

29. B.6.4 • Outline the Use and Abuse of Steroids

30. Uses • Help a person to recuperate from a major illness • Build muscle growth due to inactivity (AIDS and anemia)

31. Uses (for Women) • Female Hormones • ex. estrogen, progesterone: hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women, contraceptive pill

32. Uses (for Men) • Male hormones (androgens)  • ex. testosterone: treatment of disorders of testes and breast cancer.  • These hormones are also known as anabolic steroids as they promote tissue growth especially muscles.  • Increase weight in patients from weight loss

33. Abuses • Main people who abuse steroids are athletes • Change appearance of person • Build muscle • Increase athletic ability

34. Abuse in Steroids (side effects) Liver tumors Mental state of abuser harmed High blood pressure Skeletal growth Fluid retention Heart disorders Increase in bad cholesterol levels (LDL) Decrease in good cholesterol levels (HDL) Kidney tumors Jaundice Severe acne

35. Male Side Effects No babies (Infertility) Frequent urination Lowers the amount of sperm Develops breasts Testicular shrinking Risk of Prostate cancer Causes baldness

36. Female Side Effects Facial Hair Cause of male baldness Voice deepens Abnormal scheduling (menstrual cycle)

38. Sample Questions • Are there any current treatment options for steroid abusers? • No, there are no current treatments because no scientists are really looking into it. However, there are some scientists that have patients from steroid withdrawal and their idea treating steroid abuse is to educate everyone with the side effects and harms of steroids.

39. Sources • http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/steroids.html • http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.4

40. Sources • http://www.drugabuse.gov/infofacts/steroids.html • http://ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/C.6.4