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FDR and the New Deal

FDR and the New Deal. The Election of 1932. Outcome : Americans are ready for a change by 1932 Hoover blamed for doing nothing FDR wins (23 million to 16 million votes) - In acceptance speech FDR promises “ a new deal for the American people ” . v s.

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FDR and the New Deal

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  1. FDR and the New Deal

  2. The Election of 1932 Outcome: • Americans are ready for a change by 1932 • Hoover blamed for doing nothing • FDR wins (23 million to 16 million votes) - In acceptance speech FDR promises “a new deal for the American people” vs. Republican President Herbert Hoover Democrat Governor of NY Franklin D. Roosevelt

  3. FDR Background Info Born 1882 in Hyde Park, NY - 5th cousin of Theodore Roosevelt Attended Harvard & Columbia Law School Married in 1905 to EleanorRoosevelt 1910 elected to New York state Senate

  4. FDR Background Info 1913 appointed Assistant Secretary to Navy by Wilson • 1920 Democratic Nominee • for Vice President w/Cox • 1921 stricken w/Polio • (paralyzed from waist down) 1928 elected Governor of New York

  5. President-Elect Prior to FDR’s inauguration as president: • Handpicks advisors (professors, lawyers, journalists) nicknamed his Brain Trust • Develops the New Deal  FDR’s program to ease the problems of the Great Depression Three Goals of New Deal: • 1. Relief(immediate help for the needy) • 2. Recovery(temporary programs to restart economy) • 3. Reform(programs to prevent another depression)

  6. The Hundred Days Hundred Days: period of intense activity by FDR’s administration once taking office Outcome: • Congress passes 15 pieces of New Deal legislation • Expanded the governments role in the economy

  7. The New Deal Fireside Chats: • Informal radio talks from FDR to the American people • Discusses issues of concern and explained New Deal programs Outcome: • American public felt like FDR was talking directly to them and their needs were going to be met

  8. The New Deal Step 1 Reform:Banking and Financial Reforms • Closes all banks (Bank Holiday) (March 5, 1933 1 day after taking office) • Emergency Banking Relief Act  • Treasury Dept. inspects banks • Banks that were sound can open & those that can’t pay debts remain closed • Banks which need help can receive loans from govt. Outcome: • Revived American’s confidence in banks

  9. The New Deal • Glass-SteagallAct  • Established theFederal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) • Provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5,000 Roosevelt signing the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933 FDIC logo (1933) Outcome: • Reassured customers that their money was safe

  10. The New Deal • Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) • Prevent anyone with inside information from “fixing” the stock market for their personal profit • Federal Securities Act • Required corporations to provide complete information about their stocks • Corporations were made liable for any misrepresentations Roosevelt signing the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933 SEC logo (1934) Outcome: • Regulated the stock market • Americans gain some confidence back in the stock market

  11. The New Deal Step 2 Recovery: Help the American economy w/jobs • Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) • Goal = raise crop prices by reducing supply • Govt. would pay farmers NOT to seed every acre • Govt. would pay cotton growers to plow under existing crops • Govt. would pay hog farmers to slaughter a % of their pigs Outcome: • Upset many who were hungry to purposely destroy food • Overall…. prices did rise and farmers made more money

  12. The New Deal • Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) • Goal = develop the badly depressed Tennessee River Valley • Govt. paid for projects in the region which created jobs • Repair and Construct Damns • Provide Flood Control • Institute Hydroelectric power Outcome: • Provided much needed jobs and improved the overall economy of the region

  13. The New Deal • Civilian Conservation Corps. (CCC) • Goal = provide relief through work projects which provide jobs • Govt. paid men, gave lodging, food, & uniforms (age 18-25) to: • Build Roads • Develop new and existing Parks • Plant Trees • Help with soil-erosion and flood-control Outcome: • Provided 3 million men with jobs and wages • Provided new infrastructure within America • Helped reforest the Great Plains to prevent another Dust Bowl

  14. The New Deal National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) • Provided money to states to create jobs • Created the 3 following programs: • 1. Public Works • Administration(PWA) • built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools • Goal: provide jobs & stimulate the economy • 2. Civil Works • Administration (CWA) • built bridges and various public buildings • Goal: rapidly create manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers Outcome: • Built 40,000 schools • Paid 50,000 rural teachers salaries • Built 500,000 miles of roads

  15. The New Deal 3. National Recovery Administration (NRA) • Goal = establish codes of fair practice for industries • Set prices of products • Established standards for products Outcome: • Limited production and established prices • Led Congress to guarantee workers right to unionize and bargain collectively

  16. The New Deal Step 3 Relief: Help Americans at home • Home Owners Loan Corp. (HOLC) • - Govt. will provide loans to homeowners who faced foreclosure • Federal Housing Admin. (FHA) • - Govt. backed loans for mortgages & home repairs

  17. The New Deal • Federal Emergency Relief Admin. (FERA) • - Govt. funded 500 million for direct state relief of the needy • - Provided food & clothing to unemployed, elderly, and ill • - Provided work relief to those unemployed Outcomes: • Assisted the unemployed with jobs, food, and clothing • Enabled needy Americans to re-gain their self-confidence and self-respect

  18. Deficit Spending How to pay for the New Deal? Deficit Spending: • Spending more money than the • government receives in revenue Answer  “Deficit Spending is a necessary evil only to be used in a great time of crisis” Outcome….

  19. Opposition Emerges The Critics Liberal Critics: • New Deal didn’t go far enough to help the poor and reform the nation’s economic system Conservative Critics: • FDR spent too much money on direct relief • FDR used New Deal to take federal control of business and the economy Other Critics: • New Deal interfered with a free-market economy

  20. Three American Critics Charles Coughlin: • Catholic priest & radio host • Accused FDR of NOT doing enough to fight the depression Dr. Francis Townsend: • Doctor & California Health Officer • FDR NOT doing enough to help poor & elderly • Suggests a pension plan for the elderly Huey Long: • Senator of Louisiana • His Solution: Share the Wealth • - suggests higher taxes on rich & redistribute • money to the poor (Robin Hood Theory)

  21. Supreme Court Reacts 1935: Supreme Court rules the NIRA unconstitutional 1936: Supreme Court rules the AAA unconstitutional “The Supreme Court will dismantle my New Deal” 1937: FDR proposes a Court Reform Bill to appoint 6 new justices • 1937: a justice retires & • FDR appoints a liberal • judge who supports the • New Deal • Americans & Congress • accuse FDR of violating • the U.S. Constitution

  22. The Election of 1936 Outcome: • Overwhelming victory for FDR • Democrats win in both Houses • 1st time Blacks vote Democrat • 1st time Labor backs a candidate vs. Republican Kansas Gov.Alfred Landon Democrat PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt

  23. Second Hundred Days Creates the…… Second New Deal  to address the problems of the elderly, the poor, and unemployed The Second New Deal

  24. Second New Deal Farmers Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act: • Paid farmers for cutting out crops which deplete the soil • Rewards farmers for using soil conservation methods Second Agricultural Adjustment Act (1938): • Brought back most features of 1st AAA • Removed the tax to pay for farm subsides (part ruled unconstitutional)

  25. Second New Deal Farmers Resettlement Administration: • Govt. provides loans to small farmers to buy land • Replaced by Farm Security Administration: • Govt. loaned money to tenant farmers to buy land • Govt. established camps for migrant workers

  26. Second New Deal Workers Works Progress Administration: • Purpose: to provide the unemployed with jobs in: • Teaching • Construction • Garment Making • The Arts • Other

  27. Second New Deal Workers Wagner Act: • Re-established collective bargaining rights • Protectedworkers right to join unions • Prohibited unfair labor practices • Created National Labor Relations Board(NLRB) to hear cases about unfair labor practices Fair Labor Standards Act: • Set maximum hours of work a week (40 hrs) • Set up a federal minimum wage (25 cents) • Set rules for employment of those under 16 • Banned hazardous work for those under 18

  28. Second New Deal Elderly and Workers Social Security Act: • Three Parts: • Old-age insurance for retirees 65 and older (plus their spouses) • Unemployment compensation system • Aid to families with dependent children and the disabled

  29. Second New Deal Young People National YouthAdministration: • Purpose: to provide education, jobs, counseling, and recreation for youth

  30. Second New Deal Utilities and Regulations Rural Electrification Administration(REA) • Purpose: Govt. financed and worked with electrical companies to bring electricity to rural areas Public Utility Holding Company Act • Purpose: to regulate public utilities • Outlawed ownership of utilities by multiple holding companies

  31. Effects of New Deal Women • Provided some women with the opportunity to increase their political influence and to promote women’s rights • Eleanor Roosevelt • - Transforms role of the First Lady • - Led fight for equality for woman

  32. Effects of New Deal African Americans • Eleanor Roosevelt protests against racial discrimination and urged the President improve their situation • Black Cabinet  African American leaders who advised FDR on racial issues • Mary McLeod Bethune: member of the • Black Cabinet • - Believed the New Deal created a “new day” for African Americans • - She noted that African Americans gained unprecedented access to the White House and positions within the government under FDR

  33. Effects of New Deal Native Americans • New Deal helped the lives of Native Americans • Indian Reorganization Act: moved away from assimilation and more towards autonomy • Ownership of “Reservation Land” to the Native Americans • Native American lands would belong to entire tribe • Native Americans could attend school on reservations • Tribes can elect tribal councils to govern reservations

  34. Effects of New Deal New Political Coalition • New Deal Coalition  brought together southern whites, northern blue-collar workers, poor mid-western farmers, and African Americans • Prior to FDR, African Americans voted Republican • Gave power to the Democrats from 30s-mid 90s

  35. Effects of New Deal • Expands Power of the Government • Govt. broke from the tradition of laissez faire • Govt. was expected to intervene • Created a Welfare State • Govt. assumes the responsibility for providing for the welfare of children and the poor, elderly, sick, disabled, and unemployed • This was new to the U.S., the American people had never been given aid by the gov’t before

  36. Effects of New Deal • Changesthe Presidency • President plays greater role in govt. • Led to an amendment to be added: • 22nd Amendment  limits the amount of terms a president can serve • Why ? • Environment • Following in the footsteps of his cousin FDR set aside 12 million acres of land for new national parks

  37. Effects of New Deal Overall The New Deal: • Provided relief and reform • Expanded role of the govt. • Increased power of presidency • Provided new opportunities for women • Improved the lives of Native Americans *Please Note* - The New Deal DID NOT end the Great Depression - WWIIDIDwith its massive military spending

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