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The Effects of Computers

The Effects of Computers. Pervasive in all professions How have computers affected my life? Internet Computer Literacy   knowing how to use the computer knowing capabilities and limits. History of Computers. First Generation computers (1951-1958) vacuum tubes

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The Effects of Computers

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  1. The Effects of Computers • Pervasive in all professions • How have computers affected my life? • Internet • Computer Literacy •   knowing how to use the computer • knowing capabilities and limits computer system overview

  2. History of Computers • First Generation computers (1951-1958) • vacuum tubes • used large amounts of electricity, heat • large and expensive • 1946 - ENIAC - computed trajectories for U.S. Army • 1951 - UNIVAC - first commercially available computer computer system overview

  3. Second Generation computers (1959-1963) • Transistors,less heat,more reliable, less expensive • Third Generation computers (1964-1970) • integrated circuits,less heat, higher speed • Fourth Generation computers (1971-?) • microprocessor •  Fifth Generation computers • 1981 – Personal Computer, PC • Today - cheaper, smaller, better • reasoning? computer system overview

  4. Computer Differences • Microcomputers • pc • single user • Minicomputer Systems • multiuser, typical - 20 terminals • Mainframe • Supercomputer computer system overview

  5. Hardware • I/O and Storage Devices • Processor Unit • CPU - central processing unit • brain – executes the instructions (program) stored in memory • arithmetic logic unit (ALU) - operations and computations • control section- executes instructions • primary storage section - main memory • holds data and active program • RAM - random access memory computer system overview

  6. Machine cycle • Fetch • control unit fetches instruction from memory • Decode • translate instruction into signals • Execute • ALU performs operation • Store computer system overview

  7. Software • System Software • Operating System - software that controls overall operation of computer • Programming Environment • Editor • Compiler • Interpreter • Linker • debugger • Applications Software computer system overview

  8. Programming Language • Machine language • binary coded instructions • operation code - typical machine 50-200 • operand - data or address • exa: 110011 - add instruction • Assembly language • symbolic machine language • low-level, machine dependent • Requires assembler • exa: ADD computer system overview

  9. Assembly Language Exa: COMP$PAY PROC PUBLIC ; ; COMP$PAY - procedure to compute gross pay ; (PAY = HOURS * RATE) MOV AX,HOURS ; multiplicand MUL RATE+2 ; X second word of multiplier MOV PAY+2,AX ; store the product in PAY ; MOV AX,HOURS ; multiplicand MUL RATE ; times first word of multiplier ADD PAY+2,AX ; add the product to PAY ADD PAY,DX ; add the carry, if any RET ; end procedure computer system overview

  10. programming language cont'd • high level • machine independent • standardized • official description of the language exists • English-like • compiler - translates high-level language into machine code • interpreted - examined one line at a time • portable • separate compiler is required for each language on each computer computer system overview

  11. Languages • BASIC • FORTRAN • COBOL • PASCAL • C,C++ • ADA • LISP • java computer system overview

  12. Computer Science • Science of information representation and management • Technology of computers • The way information is structured and managed • Systematic study of those algorithms which describe and transform information: the underpinning theory, analysis, planning, efficiency, realization, and application • Computer is the tool computer system overview

  13. Software engineering • Engineering • Project management • Personnel management • Programming language design • Computer Architecture • Artificial Intelligence computer system overview

  14. technology • Technology – externalizing human abilities into the things we make • Paradigm – form or model evidencing a single theme or pattern • Paradigm shift • Whole new ways of thinking emerge • New bodies of knowledge emerge • Chaos • Shift in power • Changes in the form of human expression computer system overview

  15. The Computing Perspective • Algorithmic conception of phenomena • Simulation and experimentation • Abstraction computer system overview

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