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Zissis Samaras Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Thessaloniki

Zissis Samaras Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Thessaloniki. Overview of t he EU DG TREN Particulates Project on the Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles. Outline of the “PARTICULATES” project Measurement Protocols and Common Formats

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Zissis Samaras Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Thessaloniki

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  1. Zissis SamarasLaboratory of Applied ThermodynamicsAristotle University Thessaloniki Overview of the EU DG TREN Particulates Project on the Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles

  2. Outline of the “PARTICULATES” project • Measurement Protocols and Common Formats • Some Results • Preliminary Conclusions Contents of the presentation 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  3. A 5 FP European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General on TRansport and ENergy The “PARTICULATES”project team Partners:Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) – Coord. Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm Univ. (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK) IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) AVL- MTC (S) Graz University (AUT) Aachen University (D) Consultants JRC Peten (NL) D. Kittelson VTT (FIN)G. Reischl Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen (D) 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  4. Project started April 2000 • 3,5-year duration (ends October 2003) • Total cost: 3,6 M€, EU contribution: 2,5 M€ (70%) • http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/lat/particulates The“PARTICULATES”relevant info 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  5. Definition of the exhaust aerosol properties which will be examined and evaluation of available measurement instruments and techniques • Development and introduction of a harmonised protocol for the definition of exhaust aerosol sampling conditions • Examination of the particulate emissions of current light duty vehicles and heavy duty engines • Investigation of the influence of engine technology, fuel quality and after-treatment on particulate emissions The “PARTICULATES”targets 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  6. A commonly agreed test procedure was developed, addressing sampling and dilution conditions • A test protocol was developed based on the selected instruments • The test conditions were evaluated with a round robin exercise • A car chasing study was conducted to check the relevance of the test protocol • Testing of a large number of vehicles and fuels is completed • Collection of all test results is centrally conducted using common formats and methodologies • Final results are expected October 2003 Status and outlook 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  7. Issue 1: What to measure? … instrument • Particle property • Size range • Resolution (time, size) • Applicability / cost • Issue 2: How to measure? … sampling method • Dilution factor • Residence time • Temperature • RH • Decisionswere taken accounting for: • Requirements from health and environment experts • Potential for evaluation of technology measures Main Issues in Particle Analysis 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  8. ELPI CO2 analysis Raw Diluted Samplingsystem used Denuder Heater EjectorDilutor Throttle Valve Grav. Impactor Fdddg kjlk Pump TEOM SMPS 2-stage ejector Dilutor CPC Ageing Chamber Mass FlowController DiffusionCharger Filter Charcoal Silica Gel 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 Dilution Air Line Sample Line Cooling Agent Line

  9. Measurement Equipment CPC and ASMO CO2 Analysers SMPS andELPI Mass Flow Controller Mass FlowControllerand DGI Primary Dilutor Thermodenuder 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 CO2 Calibration Gases Test set up for LDV - Shell

  10. 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 Test set up for HDV - AVL

  11. Linear behavior of nucleation by varying humidity 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 All other parameters were held constant: dilution ratio: 16-23, residence time: 3.5-3.6 s and dilution air temperature: 40-42 °C

  12. Typical size distribution of a Euro II car at 50 km/h high load 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  13. Similarity to atmospheric dilution • Potential to form nucleation mode • Small sensitivity to change of parameters • Feasibility to reach at the lab Selection of sampling parameters DR: 12.5:1DT: 32°C 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  14. Dilution Parameter: Residence Time Selection of sampling parameters 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  15. DR 120 : 1T 30°CRT 3.5 s ELPI DR 12 : 1T 30 - 40°CRT 1 ms Conditions at different instrumentsExample: Diesel engine emissions Denuder Heater EjectorDilutor Throttle Valve Grav. Impactor Fdddg kjlk Pump TEOM SMPS 2-stage ejector Dilutor CPC Ageing Chamber Mass FlowController DiffusionCharger DR 150 : 1T ambRT 3.0 s DR 1000-15000 : 1T ambRT 3.5 s Filter Charcoal Silica Gel 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 Dilution Air Line Sample Line Cooling Agent Line

  16. Validation of the ParticulatesDilution ProtocolOn-road chasing of exhaust plumeConducted by Ford Test vehicle: 1.8 l Diesel speed, fuel consumption exhaust temperatures Ford Mobile Lab: SMPS, CPC, NOx, CO, T and RH Test track: high speed oval, 4 km/lap 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  17. 50 km/h Particle size distributions during chasing and with PARTICULATES system 120 km/h 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  18. kW DR fluctuation when sampling close to engine outlet (1.5 m from exhaust manifold) Initial setting 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 VW 1.9 TDI engine

  19. kW DR fluctuation when sampling at the end of a 5 m tailpipe with a ceramic DPF installed instead of the muffler 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 VW 1.9 TDI engine

  20. Thermodenuder losses 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  21. Calculated penetration as a function of particle size for transfer lines to different instruments 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 The low penetration for the ELPI is due to TD losses

  22. 18 SMPS scans of solid particles performed over two months on a VW Golf Euro I RepeatabilityUpper figure: solid (accumulation mode) particlesLower figure: nucleation and accumulation mode 4 SMPS scans on two consecutive days at 120 km/h 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  23. Reproducibility: same or similar vehicle (VW Golf Euro III) at 3 labs 50 km/h steady state 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  24. Comparison between CVS and gravimetric impactorVW Golf TDI Euro III 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  25. Comparability between wet and dry branch VW Golf TDI Euro III 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  26. LDV • NEDC • CADC • Steady Speeds(50, 90, 120 km/h) Sampling: Cycles HDV • ECE R49 • ESC • ETC Some also conduct: • Aftertreatment tests • More transient cycles • More steady state tests 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  27. Daily Test Schedule • Cold NEDC (1180 s) • Hot NEDC (1180 s) • Artemis Urban (993 s) • Artemis Road (1082 s) • Artemis Motorway 130 km/h (1068 s) • 120 km/h Road-Load (600 s) • 50 km/h High-Load (600 s) • 50 km/h Road-Load (600 s) • 50 km/h Road-Load with High Dilution [W1] (600 s) • Fuel Change • Pre-condition Monday – Data processing and Pre-condition Tuesday to Friday – Full Test Days CONCAWE LD Programme 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  28. Diesel Fuel Analyses 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  29. Gasoline Analyses 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  30. Total “active” surface [RT] • Total particle number [RT] • Surface and number give mean size [RT] • Size segregated solid particle number [RT] • Solids particle mass [RT] • Gaseous pollutants [RT] • Particle mass (VF/nVF) - CVS [CYCLE] • Mass weighted size distribution [CYCLE] • Number weighted size distribution[SS] Properties determinationin a single run 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 • RT: Real Time • CYCLE: Mean value over cycle • SS: Steady State

  31. 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  32. Regulated PM emissions(LAT data) Euro I Diesel Euro II Diesel Euro III Diesel Euro III Diesel + trap 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  33. Active surface area(LAT data) Euro I Diesel Euro II Diesel Euro III Diesel Euro I Gas Euro III Gas Euro III Diesel + trap 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  34. Euro I Diesel Total number of particles (wet branch) (LAT data) Euro II Diesel Euro III Diesel Euro I Gas Euro III Gas 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 Euro III Diesel + trap

  35. Total number of particles (wet branch) (LAT data) Euro I Diesel Euro III Diesel Euro II Diesel Euro I Gas Euro III Gas 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 Euro III Diesel + trap

  36. Euro I Diesel Number of solid particles (dry branch) (LAT data) Euro II Diesel Euro III Diesel Euro I Gas Euro III Gas 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 Euro III Diesel + trap

  37. Cumulative emissionsCADC-20 oC(EMPA data) 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003 • Ford Galaxy, 1.9 TD Diesel

  38. Renault Mégane, 1.6 16V Gasoline Cumulative emissionsCADC-20 oC(EMPA data) 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  39. Gasoline / Diesel vehicle emissions comparisonMnc: Non-cat mopedMcat: Cat MotorcycleD: Diesel Euro IIIG: Gasoline Euro III 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  40. Sampling parameters are critical if nucleation mode particles are to be taken into account • Soot particles are easier to characterise • Necessity to sample and analyze total aerosol but difficult to regulate in certification tests • Candidate metrics: • mass: will remain legislation metric • “active” surface : more sensitive than mass, emphasis to small particles • total number concentration : nuclei particles are in general unstable Summary& Conclusions 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

  41. Diesel engines and vehicles equipped with a particulate trap produced extremely low particulate mass, low numbers of carbonaceous particles and low total numbers of particles when operating on low sulphur fuels. • The fuel sulphur effect was greatest under high speed/temperature operation. Under these conditions, higher sulphur fuels resulted in both higher particle mass and number emissions • Direct injection gasoline vehicles produced measurable amounts of particulate mass emissions over the NEDC cycle, far below conventional diesel vehicles, but higher than trap-equipped diesels Summary& Conclusions 7th International ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Particles Zurich 18-08-2003

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