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Konkurenčno pravo ES

Konkurenčno pravo ES. Literatura. Tratnik/Ferčič, EU Competition law 2008 (poglavja I – IV) Ferčič, Pravo konkurence in poslovna etika, PFUM, Maribor 2004, str. 8-21; Tratnik/Ferčič/Ferlinc, Osnove prava EU, Codex Iuris, Maribor 2004,strani 117-144

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Konkurenčno pravo ES

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  1. Konkurenčno pravo ES

  2. Literatura • Tratnik/Ferčič, EU Competition law 2008 (poglavja I – IV) • Ferčič,Pravo konkurence in poslovna etika, PFUM, Maribor 2004, str. 8-21; • Tratnik/Ferčič/Ferlinc, Osnove prava EU, Codex Iuris, Maribor 2004,strani 117-144 • Druge knjige o pravu EU/EC (npr. Grilc/Ilešič)

  3. Obveznosti študentov • Pisni izpit • Pisni izdelek kot del izpita (20 %)

  4. Vsebina uvodnega dela • Temeljni pojmi • Konkurenca • Konkurenčno pravo • Omejevanje konkurence • Temeljna načela • Funkcije konkurence • Teorije o konkurenci

  5. Vsebina uvodnega dela • Drugi temeljni pojmi • Monopol • Oligopol • Upoštevni trg • Pravilo utemeljenosti (rule of reason) • Zgodovina prava konkurence

  6. Vsebina uvodnega dela • Značilnosti konkurenčnega prava ES • Cilji evropske konkurenčne politike • Pojem in mesto konkurenčnega prava ES • Viri konkurenčnega prava ES

  7. Kaj je konkurenca? • “Samostojno prizadevanje gospodarskih subjektov, da bi sklenili čimveč ugodnih poslov, pri čemer je poslovni uspeh samostojnega gospodarskega subjekta odvisen tudi od posamičnih ali kolektivnih ravnanj drugih gospodarskih subjektov na trgu in potrošnikov.” • Nemožnost neodvisnega ravnanja • Prilagajanje

  8. Konkurenca in (tržna) ekonomija • Povezava s tržnim gospodarstvom • Konkurenca in ekonomija • Brandeis: “A lawyer who has not studied economics is very apt to become a public enemy”

  9. Konkurenca in ekonomija • “In the field of competition law economics is an unavoidable companion. Competition law is economic law. It regulates the conduct of economic operators in the markets. Economics do and should play an important role in the application of the rules. The use of economics greatly increases the likelihood of arriving at a result, which is consistent with the aims of the competition rules. Their aims is not just to prohibit certain categories of agreements and practices but to prohibit agreements and practices that produce or are likely to produce negative economic effects for society and consumers. The rules and their application must therefore be founded on sound economic principles.” (Mario Monti) • ”

  10. Kaj je konkurenčno pravo?

  11. Konkurenčno pravo Protimonopolno pravo Antitrust Preprečevanje nelojalne konkurence

  12. Konkurenčno pravo ES • Prepoved kartelnih sporazumov, sklepov in usklajenih ravnanj • Prepoved zlorabe domiantnega položaja • Nadzor nad koncentracijami • Liberalizacija • Prepoved/nadzor državnih pomoči

  13. Kaj je konkurenčna politika • Razlika med konkurenčno politiko in konkurenčnim pravom?

  14. Funkcije konkurence - klasične • Usmeritvena (ureditvena) • Strukturna • Razdelitvena • Selektivna

  15. Funkcije konkurence - novejše • Inovacijska • Potrošniška • Ekološka

  16. Cilji konkurenčnega prava? • Varovanje konkurence in rivalstva • Nadzor nad uporabo ekonomske moči • Korekcija v primerih, ko se trg ne more uravnavati sam • ES: • “Lizbonska strategija” • Delovane notranjega trga • Zaposlovanje • Regionalna politika

  17. Temeljna načela konkurenčnega prava • Načelo varstva konkurence • Načelo (načelne) prepovedi omejevanja konkurence • Načelo javnega interesa • Načelo preventivnosti • Načelo učinkovitosti • Načelo zadostnega učinka • Načelo priznavanja izjem

  18. Spekter Monopol Popolna konkurenca

  19. Popolna konkurenca • Veliko število subjektov na strani ponudbe i povpraševanja – posamezni “igralec” na more vplivati na tržno ceno • Podjetja ravnajo neodvisno drug od drugega • Homogeni produkti in storitve • Ni vstopnih/izstopnih ovir • Maksimalni dobiček/zadovoljstvo potrošnikov

  20. Popolna konkurenca zagotavlja: • Zadovoljstvo potrošnikov • Nižje cene • Boljši produkti/storitve • Širša izbira • Učinkovito proizvodnjo in distribucijo • Vzpodbuja inovativnost

  21. Teorije o konkurenci • Klasična • Teorija o popolni konkurenci • Teorija o nepopolni konkurenci • Teorija o delujoči oz. učinkoviti konkurenci • Teorija o dinamični oz. inovacijski k. • Teorija o svobodni konkurenci

  22. Triada Ravnanje Struktura Učinki

  23. Novejše teorije • Harvardska šola • Vstopne ovire in cene • Chicaška šola • Naravna selekcija

  24. Temeljni pojmi • Monopol • Oligopol • Trust (antitrust law) • Upoštevni (relevantni) trg • Podjetje • Paralelni U/I

  25. monopol • Monopolist dominira trg, določa ponudbo (kaj, koliko, za kakšno ceno) • Ravna neodvisno od konkurentov in potrošnikov • Nižja kvaliteta, učinkovitost, inovativnost • Nadkonkurenčni dobički

  26. Upoštevni trg • Sporočilo Komisije OJ C-372, 09/12/1997, p. 0005 – 0013. • Predmetni • SSNIP test • United Brands, zadeva 27/76 [1978] ECR 207 • Michelin, zadeva 322/81 [1993] ECR 3461 • Hugin, zadeva 22/78 [1979] ECR 1869 • Geografski • Cena : prevozni stroški • United Brands, zadeva 27/76 [1978] ECR 207 • Hilti • Časovni

  27. Podjetje • Undertaking, Unternehmen • PES ne opredeljuje – sodna praksa • Opredelitev pomembne tudi glede: • 82. PES • Pravil glede omejevalnih koncentracij • Liberalizacije (86. PES • Vsaka enota, ki izvršuje gospodarsko dejavnost ne glede na pravno-organizacijsko obliko in vire financiranja (Höfner & Elser v Macroton, (C-41/90; 1991)),

  28. Höfner & Elser v Macroton: • A public employment agency engaged in the business of employment procurement may be classified as an undertaking for the purpose of applying the Community competition rules since, in the context of competition law, that classification applies to every entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of its legal status and the way in which it is financed.

  29. Gospodarska dejavnost • Dobava blaga in storitev • Rosredovanje zaposlitve • Različni sistemi socialnega zavarovanja • Bolezen in nosečnost (F) • Starostno zavarovanje (F) • Dodatna pokojninska zavarovanja (NL)

  30. Mejni primeri • Državna podjetjaHöfner & Elser v Macroton, (C-41/90; 1991) • Javna služba (Firma Ambulanz Glöckner v Landkreis Südwestpfalz. Case C-475/99) • Tuja podjetja • Tuje trgovske organizacije • Sindikati • DČ • Lokalne in regionalne oblasti • Kulturne ustanove, športna združenja • Posamezniki • Delavci

  31. Firma Ambulanz Glöckner v Landkreis Südwestpfalz • The concept of an undertaking, in the context of competition law, covers any entity engaged in an economic activity, regardless of the legal status of the entity or the way in which it is financed. Any activity consisting in offering goods and services on a given market is an economic activity. • In that connection, entities such as medical aid organisations providing emergency transport services and patient transport services must be treated as undertakings within the meaning of the competition rules laid down by the Treaty. Public service obligations may, of course, render the services provided by a given medical aid organisation less competitive than comparable services rendered by other economic operators not bound by such obligations, but that fact cannot prevent the activities in question from being regarded as economic activities.

  32. Skupine podjetij (Koncerni? • 81 načeloma ne velja znotraj koncernov • (VIHO Europe BV proti Komisiji, zadeva T-102/92, [1995] ECR 11)

  33. VIHO Europe BV proti Komisiji • Where a subsidiary, although having a separate legal personality, does not freely determine its conduct on the market but carries out the instructions given to it directly or indirectly by the parent company by which it is wholly controlled, Article 85(1) does not apply to the relationship between the subsidiary and the parent company with which it forms an economic unit. Conduct adopted unilaterally on the market by such an economic unit cannot, even if it consists of prohibiting subsidiaries from supplying products to customers established in Member States other than that of the subsidiary, be brought within the scope of and be made the subject of sanctions under Article 85 without causing that article to apply to circumstances for which it is not intended.

  34. Koncerni • Samostojnost sprejemanja odločitev • Ekonomska enota (Hydrotherm Gerätebau GmbH proti Andreoli, zadeva 170/83, [1984] ECR 2999): • “In competition law, the term “undertaking” must be understood as designating an economic unit for the purposes of the subject-matter of the agreement in question, even if in law that economic unit consists of several persons, natural or legal.”

  35. Drugi pomembni pojmi • Horizontalni in vertikalni sporazumi • Delitev trga • Paralelno trgovanje (I/U) • (absolutna) teritorialna zaščita • “Upstream & downstream markets • “Interbrand & inrabrand” konkurenca • Dimenzija Skupnosti, meddržavna trgovina (interstate trade) trgovima med (vsaj dvema) DČ

  36. P G1 G2 G3 D1 D6 D6 D4 D2 D3

  37. Consten & Grundig Grundig Consten WS D2 D1 D1 ND1 D1 ND2 ND D3 ND3 D4

  38. Zgodovinski razvoj • Antika • Srednjeveško cehovsko pravo • Razvoj v ZDA • Sherman Antitrust Act 1890 • Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared illegal. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed to be guilty of a felony …

  39. Section 2 • Every person who shall monopolize or attempt to monopolize with any other person or persons to monopolize any part of trade or commerce among several States or with foreign nations shall be deemed to be guilty of a felony …

  40. Zgodovinski razvoj • Clayton Act 1914 • FTC Act 1914 • GWB 1958 • PE(G)S 1958 • Uredba 17/62 • Uredba 4046789 • Uredba 1/2003 • Uredba 139/2004

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