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Wireless 101: Considerations for the Networked Building

Learn about the key considerations, challenges, and tradeoffs in wireless networks for buildings. Explore topics such as security, compatibility, performance, range, interference, and more.

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Wireless 101: Considerations for the Networked Building

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  1. Wireless 101Considerations for the Networked Building Wayne Caswell CAZITech Consulting These charts are from a 90-minute class, taught at the Networked Building Systems Forum (April 13-16 in Dallas). Call if you’d like a similar class for your organization.

  2. Wireless 101 Topics • Glossary of Terms, Resources • Industry, Spectrum Allocation & Value Chain • Tradeoffs, Challenges & Issues • Security & Control • Compatibility & Upgradeability • Performance & Scalability • Infrastructure Complexity • Range & Coverage • Interference & QoS • Roaming & Session Mgt. • Q & A

  3. Glossary Wireless Terms & Jargon (http://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/blglossary.htm) 1G, 2G, 3G 802.11 (a, b, g) 802.16, 802.20 Access Point Asymmetric Attenuation Auto sensing Bandwidth Bluetooth Broadband CDMA CDMA 2000 Cellular DHCP Diffraction Dongle DNS DSSS Dual-mode EDGE Encryption FDMA FHSS Firewall FTP GPRS GSM Handoff Hertz (MHz, GHz) Hotspot Hubs IEEE Interference ISM band Jitter LAN / WLAN Latancy Line of sight LMDS MAN MDT / MTU MESH MMDS Multimode Multi-path NIC OSI model Packet PAN / WPAN PBCC Ping Protocol QoS Reflection Refraction Repeater Roaming Router Security Smart Mobs Sniffer Software radio Spectrum SSID Switches Symmetric TCP/IP TDMA Tri-mode Ultra-wideband VoIP VPN WAN / WWAN Wardriving WCDMA WEP Wi-Fi WISP WML WPA

  4. 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Industry Growth Stage I Early Adoption Stage II Acceptance Stage III Management, Control, and Integration WLAN Adoption Rate More Devices More Apps Network Convergence Work w/ Legacy Systems Wi-Fi Protected Access WEP security flaws Consumer Enterprise

  5. Industry Growth Spread of Technology into American Households Source: Myths of Rich & Poor, W. Michael Cox, 2000

  6. WLAN Value Chain Application & Content Service Provider Components H/W & S/W End User Device Network Equipment Aggregator Ind.Vertical Location Based Productivity e-Mail MM Messaging MM Streaming Multicasting Remote Access VoIP Boingo GRIC iPass Fee vs. Free Cingular Cometa EarthLink Sprint Surf and Sip T-Mobile Verizon Wayport PC, Tablet PDA STBs, TVs Ind.Verticals Dell, HP, IBM Panasonic, Sony Symbol Access Points Routers, Hubs Repeaters Chipsets NICs Aruba Cisco/Linksys D-Link Intel Centrino Microsoft Netgear Proxim Chips Antennas Software Agere Atheros Broadcom Intersil Intel TX Instr. Representative Sample Only

  7. VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF) LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Microwave 0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 KHz 10 KHz 100 KHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz THE RADIO SPECTRUM 3 KHz 300 GHz INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY 1 THz 1013 Hz 1014 Hz 1015 Hz 1016 Hz 1017 Hz 1018 Hz 1019 Hz 1020 Hz 1021 Hz 1022 Hz 1023 Hz 1024 Hz 1025 Hz Spectrum Allocation Growth Drivers:Internet, Mobility, Moore’s Law, and Unlicensed Spectrum Note the Logarithmic scale

  8. 900 MHz 2.4 GHz 5.8 GHz Detail Charts Follow Spectrum Allocation FCC Frequency Allocation Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

  9. Color coded by Application Aeronautical Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Aeronautical Radionavigational Amateur Amateur Satellite Broadcasting Broadcasting Satellite Earth Exploration Satellite Fixed Fixed Satellite Radio Astronomy Radiodetermination Satellite Radiolocation Radiolocation Satellite Radionavigation Radionavigation Satellite Space Operation Space Research Standard Frequency and Time Signal Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite Inter-Satellite Land Mobile Land Mobile Satellite Maritime Mobile Maritime Mobile Satellite Maritime Radionavigation Meteorological Aids Meteorological Satellite Mobile Mobile Satellite Government / Non-Government Shared Government Exclusive Non-Government Exclusive B A C K U P Spectrum Allocation 6.78 MHz ± 0.15 MHz 13.56 MHz ± 0.007 MHz 27.12 MHz ± 0.163 MHz 915 MHz ± 13 MHz 2.45 GHz ± 50 MHz 5.8 GHz ± 75 MHz 24.125 GHz ± 125 MHz 61.25 GHz ± 250 MHz 122.5 GHz ± 500 MHz 245 GHz ± 1000 MHz FCC unlicensed (ISM / U-NII) bands Source: www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

  10. B A C K U P Spectrum Allocation 915 MHz Cordless Phones Baby Monitors Audio Senders Head Phones Speakers Modems WLAN Keyboards Mice . . . “Too crowded, so move to 2.4 GHz” ISM - 26 MHz wide

  11. B A C K U P Spectrum Allocation 2.4 GHz Microwave OvensVideo SendersLightingMedical802.11b802.11gBluetooth. . .“Too crowded so move to 5 GHz” ISM - 100 MHz wide U-NII - 83.5 MHz wide

  12. B A C K U P Spectrum Allocation 5 GHz 802.11aSatelliteNavigationSpace Research. . .It too will get crowded. Up to 455 MHz wide depending on region

  13. Performance & Scalability Range & Coverage Size & Battery Life QoS &.. Interference Compatibility & Upgradeability Time-to-Market Wireless Tradeoffs Security

  14. MAN LAN PAN Last Mile Hotspot Home Office • MTU, Corporate • Data Only • N/W Admin. • More Reflections • Less Interference • Campus Roaming Device Connectivity • MDU, Neighbors • Multimedia (QoS) • No N/W Admin. • More Absorption • More Interference • Single Access Pt. • Low Power(short distance) • Cable Replacement • Ad-hoc Connection LMDS, MMDS, 802.16 / .20 Ultra-wideband ZigBee IEEE 802.11b, g, a, n IEEE 802.11i, e, f, h, j, … Tradeoffs = Positioning WAN Cellular Network • Mobile Phone, PDA, Laptop • Roaming, Size, Talk Time PCS, GSM, TDMA, CDMA

  15. AP UWB 110-480 Mbps Wireless USB Wireless 1394 PDA Printer Personal Area Networks LAN Bluetooth 750 Kbps 802.15.3 Faster than BT Less Interference ~ Same Cost ZigBee

  16. Personal Area Networks UWB Two Competing Proposals FCC Uncertainties 802.11a (100-300 MHz) 802.11b/g (83.5 MHz) X-MIT POWER FCC Part 15 Limit (-41.3 dBm/MHz) UWB (7.5 GHz) FREQUENCY 2.4 GHz 3.1 GHz 5.725-5.825 GHz 10.6 GHz SOURCE: T.S. Rappaport, K. Mandke, L. Yerramneni, and C. Zuniga, “The Evolution of Ultra Wide Band Radio for Wireless Personal Area Networks, High Frequency Electronics, September 2003, pp. 22-32

  17. Security & Control Compatibility & Upgradeability Performance & Scalability Infrastructure Complexity Range & Coverage Interference & QoS Roaming & Session Mgt. WLAN Challenges & Issues

  18. Over WLAN or Airwaves In Application Code WLAN Security The Weakest Link? Data on Device Over Internet Behind Firewall Internet SQL D/B, e-mail, etc

  19. WLAN Security FREE Network Access Here! • CIA – Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability • AAA – Authentication, Authorization, Audit • WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy • Personal Records (Palo Alto High School) • Credit Card Numbers (BestBuy) • National Security (RIAA sues grandpa) • WPA & 802.1x – Wi-Fi Protected Access • 802.11i – Standardization

  20. WLAN Security MINIMUM RECOMMENDATIONS • End-to-End Policies & Enforcement • Think like a Hacker • Separate N/W with VPN • Turn on WEP, even expand beyond WEP • Avoid standard names • TeleWork program • Awareness & Education • Remaining Issues • DoS attacks • Lurkers

  21. WLAN Comparison

  22. B A C K U P Cellular WAN Comparison

  23. WLAN Capacity & Coverage Advertised Speed vs. Maximum Throughput 54 Mbps 54 Mbps 11 Mbps

  24. WLAN Capacity & Coverage

  25. WLAN Capacity & Coverage RANGE: • Signal Strength (and throughput) diminish with distance (and when going through materials) • Low Frequencies cover more distance and penetrate materials • High Frequencies do better with interference 300’ 150’ ~50’ 5Mbps 2.5 1 Mbps

  26. 1 1 2 2 4 3 3 3 3 14 6 7 10 1 1 1 1 10 2 13 2 2 2 12 3 3 3 1 3 7 3 16 1 1 14 1 11 1 4 5 8 2 2 2 2 6 4 13 8 3 3 3 15 5 10 2 1 1 1 13 10 1 8 2 2 2 9 15 3 3 3 3 6 9 1 12 802.11b/g 802.11a 1 3 non-overlapping channels and 83.5 MHz of spectrum at 2.4 GHz make co-channel interference and performance degradation inevitable. 16 non-overlapping channels and 408.5 MHz of spectrum at 5 GHz makes it possible to set up networks with with more capacity. WLAN Capacity & Coverage

  27. WLAN Capacity & Coverage Professional Site Survey SOURCE: T.S. Rappaport, University of Texas

  28. Typical WLAN Installation Site Survey $3K $2K Packet capture PoE Switch and terminal server $6K LAN-speed Firewall $20K ~$106K Intrusion Prevention $10K MobileIP Router $15K VPNConcentrator $50K SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks

  29. B A C K U P Typical WLAN Installation SOURCE: Intel, “Deploying Wireless LANs,” April 2003

  30. Antenna Basics SOUND WAVES 1 FIRECRACKER

  31. INTERFERENCE CTION DIFFRA CTION CTION CTION REFRAC TION ABSORP NOIT Antenna Basics SIGNALSTRENGTH OVER DISTANCE OVERLAPPING SOUND WAVES ATTENU ATION 3 FIRECRACKERS Multi-path REFLECTIONS

  32. MESH TOPOLOGY 3600 900 Omni-directional Antenna Directional Antenna Smart Antenna Subsystem Antenna Basics Coverage Patterns

  33. Central Office Cell Site Mesh (802.16 + 802.11) $14K / mo.(saves $13K /mo) Antenna Basics MESH Deployment – Sample Savings Wired (DSL + Ethernet) $27K / mo.

  34. Thin Access Points User Access Air Monitor 802.11 a/b/g Antenna Rogue Wireless Protection Site Surveys Per-user Firewall Mobile IP, IPSec, Certs Self-Healing RF Management Mobile IP, IPSec, Certs 802.1x, 802.11i, 802.11e, 802.11f, 802.11h Session Mgt. 802.1x, 802.11i, 802.11e, 802.11f, 802.11h 802.11 a/b/g Antenna Corporate Backbone WLAN Switch Typical Access Points Corporate Backbone

  35. WLAN Switch Self-calibrating Real-time calibration characterizes the indoor propagation to determine the actual channel and transmit power settings of each AP SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks

  36. 3 2 1 Move 1, 2 and 3 WLAN Switch Load Balancing WLAN switch automatically balances traffic among any type of AP to compensate for congestion SOURCE: Aruba Wireless Networks

  37. Nearest infusion pump? Rooms 253, 270 Rouge AP alert Room 408 Mktg. Dept Installed 4/3, 9:00am 408 253 270 Outside intrusion Blocked WLAN Switch Location-Sensing AP AP AP

  38. Location-Sensing Security IT Management Asset Tracking Location-based Content Guest Services Mapping One-on-one Marketing Wi-Fi devices & Other tagged equipment

  39. VoIP over WLAN • Software turns PC, Tablet, or iPAQ into Phone • Make/Answer Calls • Shared Line Support • Hold • Transfer • Auto Answer • Call Forwarding • DTMF Pad • Calling Party Name Display • Last Party Number Display • Last Number Redial • Last 10 Number Redial • Multiple Ring Tones • Message Waiting Indication • Missed Calls Indicator • Mute Mic • Mute Speaker • Speed Call List • Time Display • Transfer • Tune In Multicast Paging • Volume Control ISSUES: Cost, Battery Life, Interference (CSMA/CA) Feature-richSpeech Recongnition: “Call Dr. Shostak” “Find a cardiologist” “Find a 3rd floor manager” “Record a message for clerks” “Block calls except Dr. Klien” “Transfer call to reception” “This is Brent Lang”

  40. MultiMode Wired 802.11b 802.11g 802.11a 802.16 / .20 3G Cellular Ultra-wideband Bluetooth ZigBee Proprietary

  41. Wayne CaswellPrincipal & Chief VisionaryCAZITech Consulting wcaswell@cazitech.comwww.cazitech.com1-512-335-6073

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