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The Brain

The Brain. By: Amy & Janet. The Nervous system: A Basic blueprint. Function of nervous system is to gather and process information, produce responses to stimuli, and coordinate the workings of different cells. Humans have billions of cells.

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The Brain

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  1. The Brain By: Amy & Janet

  2. The Nervous system:A Basic blueprint • Function of nervous system is to gather and process information, produce responses to stimuli, and coordinate the workings of different cells. • Humans have billions of cells. • Scientists divide intricate network into two main parts: • The Central Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System

  3. The Central nervous system • This system receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. • Like tastes, sound, smell, color, state of internal organs. • Also sends out messages destined for muscles, glands, and internal organs. • Has two components: • Brain • Spinal cord – Extension of the brain.

  4. Spinal Cord: • Protected by a column of bones (the spinal column) • Acts as a bridge between the brain and parts of the body below the neck. • Produces some behaviors on its own without any help of the brain. • Spinal reflexes are automatic, requiring no conscious effect. • Reflexes above the neck, like sneezing, involve the lower part of the brain rather than the spinal cord.

  5. The peripheral nervous system • Handles the central nervous systems input and output. • Contains all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, right down to the nerves in the tips of the fingers and toes. • Carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and other internal/external sense organs to the spinal cord, which sends them to the brain.

  6. Those nerves put us in touch with both outside world and the activities of out own bodies. • Motors nerves carry orders from the central nervous system, glands, and internal organs. • Enable us to move.

  7. The somatic nervous system, or skeletal nervous system. • Nerves connected to sensory receptors and to the skeletal muscles that permit voluntary action • Ex. Feeling a bug on the arm. • The autonomic nervous system. • Regulates the internal organs and glands. Bladder, stomach, and heart.

  8. Parasympathetic Nervous System: • Operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy. • Sympathetic Nervous System: • Mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress.

  9. Parts of the brain • Theory • Different brain parts perform different tasks • Aka localization of function • (Joseph Gall 1758-1828) – that personality traits were reflected in the development of specific areas of the brain,

  10. The brain stem: • The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and pons. • Pons: • A structure in the brain stem involved in sleeping, waking, and dreaming. • Medulla: • A structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breaking and heart rate. • Reticular Activating System (RAS): • A dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem, it arouses the cortex and screens incoming info. Without it, we could not be alert or maybe conscious.

  11. The cerebellum • A brain structure that regulate movement and balance and is involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses. • motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture as well as eye movement.

  12. Thalamus • A brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex. • Functions: relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness.

  13. Hypothalamus & Pituitary gland • Hypothalamus is a brain structure involved in emotions and drives vital to survival • such as fear, hunger, thirst, and reproduction • regulates the autonomic nervous system.

  14. Pituitary gland is a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, which releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands. • Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream • size of a pea, and weighs just half a gram

  15. Limbic system (Latin “border” • A group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior. • Important role in memory & emotion. • Border between higher & lower parts of the brain.

  16. The amygdala • A brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion response to sensory information.

  17. Hippocampus • A brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory.

  18. The cerebrum • Largest brain structure consisting of the upper part of the brain • Divided into two hemispheres, its in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes. (Left hemi in charge of the right side of the body, & vise versa) • Corpus Callosum: the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. • Lateralization: The two hemispheres also have some what different tasks and talents.

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