Feminism

1. Feminism

2. Politicization of the sex-class identity "Universal Womanhood" Social Effort Political Action Social Norms Gender Oppression

3. Under- Representation Universal Pattern Political Resources & Interest Education, Economic & Political

4. 1929 JCPC reversed Supreme Courts decision Women's Movement vote 1927 “Person’s Case” Senate appointments 2 'waves' 1921 Agnes Macphail 1st elected women MP 1920 Nat. League of Women Voters was created 1866 British MP John Stuart Mill petitioned the Parl. of the UK to grant suffrage to women 1830s- 1860s Movement to abolish slavery Universal Suffrage 1921 Federal Election 1800s Organized women’s rights movement

5. “No room at the top” In 1990: • only 3.5% of the world’s cabinet ministers were women • women held no ministerial positions in 93 countries • women were completely absent from the four highest levels in government in 50 countries: 5 in the group of Western European states; 16 in Asia and the Pacific; 8 in Latin America and the Caribbean; 21 in Africa • women occupied less than 5% of the top positions in international organizations, including the UN and the European Community • only a handful of women served as finance ministers (Bhutan, Finland, New Zealand, San Marino, Taiwan)

6. entering the polling booth Occupying highest offices of the state vs. Indira Ghandi Gro Harlem Brundtland Twice Prime Minister of Norway in the 1980s Prime Minister of India, 1966-77 Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister of Britain, 1979- 1990

7. 1830s- 1860s Movement to Abolish Slavery “The first organized movement for women’s rights came form the movement to abolish slavery. ….. women’s rights organizers broke down many conventional barriers to the public participation of black people and women.” Rowbotham (1992)

8. Political Participation Substantial growth for women? Hurdles Women’s lack of direct participation in top-level policy-making ETHNICITY FINANCES ORGANIZATION TRADITION

9. Different Ideologies Different Strategic Measures Different Political Goals Women's Movement

10. 1st wave 1869 J.S. Mill Published On the Subjection of Women Pursuit of the franchise legal rights PRIVATE SPHERE ACCESS PUBLIC SPHERE

11. LEGAL RIGHTS ACCESS TO EDUCATION 2nd wave 1960s Civil Rights Issue Equality Private, political & economic sphere Pol. Rep.

12. PRIVATE SPHERE PUBLIC SPHERE - Loy lties Points to Ponder Sacrifice? Career Goals Who occupies the private sphere??

13. The Feminine Mystique Betty Friedan 2nd wave 1988 - Supreme court confirmed abortion laws unconstitutional 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1970s and 1980s women entered universities and work force in increasing numbers “happy-housewife” myth 1960s Powerful emergence of Liberal Feminism

14. Divisions & Distinguished Agendas

15. Women's Movement Gloria Steinem Key Thinkers Naomi Wolf KATE MILLET

16. The electoral gap in the US has been shown to be critical to the success of the Democratic Party and to the nomination and election of some women candidates. Key Issues Largest & most activist women’s mvt in the world 1992: outgoing Congress had only 6.4% women members incoming =11% in House, 7% in Senate.

17. ? structural reforms Points to Ponder WILL WOMEN SHARING POLITICAL POWER EQUALLY WITH MEN CHANGE THE WAY WE LIVE? Men's Movement?

18. & Political Leadership • Studies indicate that a ‘critical mass’ of from 30-35% inclusion of women in political leadership and gov’t is needed to affect public policies. • Women should not settle for an in-name-only share of leadership…should use their positions to campaign for specific party commitments to the nomination, election and appt = # of men and women to national office, parls, cabs, courts, regional and st. legs, commissions, advisory groups. • Parties and women’s orgs should seek out potential women candidates for political office and provide them with training in pol. and ldsp skills, funding and campaign assistance creation within G of a ministry, dept.,or national commission on = for women to gather.

19. “Good Wives & Wise Mothers” $ SLOW TRADITION ?

20. ? Biased Work force Deeply rooted Traditions VOTE April 10, 1946 Japan’s first “all person’s” election Choices?

21. Radical Reform Liberal Feminism Marxist Feminism Feminism

22. 21st C. Feminism Information Society CYBER-FEMINISM