Common Core/Next Generation Science Standards Addressed

1. Common Core/Next Generation Science Standards Addressed WHST.6‐8.1 - Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.(MSLS2‐4) WHST.6‐8.2 - Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (MS‐LS1‐6) SL.8.1 -Engage effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one‐on‐one, in groups, and teacher‐led) with diverse partners on grade 8 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly. (MS‐LS2‐2) SL.8.4 - Present claims and findings, emphasizing salient points in a focused, coherent manner with relevant evidence, sound valid reasoning, and well‐chosen details; use appropriate eye contact, adequate volume, and clear pronunciation. (MS‐LS2‐2) SL.8.5 - Include multimedia components and visual displays in presentations to clarify claims and findings and emphasize salient points. (MS‐LS3‐1),(MS‐LS3‐2)

2. Bell Work Activities! • 1. Define “urban” Agriculture, why is it important? • 2. What “Ag.” industries are important here in N.M.? • 3. What is the difference between Production Agriculture and an Agri-business?

4. Agriculture industry Agriculture Agribusiness Aquaculture Biotechnology Domestication Farming Forestry Inventions Natural Resources Terms

5. Ornamental Horticulture Suburban Farming Technology Terms (continued)

6. Student Learning Objectives • Define agriculture and the agriculture industry • Identify important historical developments in agriculture • Explain major technological developments in agriculture

7. Objective One Define Agriculture and The Agriculture Industry

8. What is Agriculture? • Agriculture is the science of growing crops and raising animals to meet the needs of humans

9. What is an Ag Industry? • Involves all activities involved with providing people with food, clothing, and shelter • Includes farm operations, and • Nonfarm operations • Largest industry in America

10. What are Farming / Ranching Operations? • Uses land and other resources to grow crops and raise animals. • Includes - conventional farming, suburban farming, aquaculture, and forestry.

11. Conventional Farming • Larger acreage of land growing grain, vegetables, fruit and fiber crops. ( Which category is Chili?) • Producing large numbers of animals like swine, beef, dairy cattle, sheep and poultry.

12. Conventional Farming/Ranching

13. Suburban Farming • Normally involves smaller areas of land. • Normally found in residential or business locations. • Typical products would include vegetable crops and small animals.

15. Aquaculture • “Farming the Water” • Involves raising fish or similar aquatic animals • Also includes producing aquatic plants like water cress or water chestnuts

17. Forestry • Involves the production and use of trees

19. What are Nonfarm Operations? • Normally referred to as Agribusiness • Agribusiness is nonfarm work in areas such as ag supplies, services, marketing, and product processing

21. Agriculture Also Makes the Lives of People Better • Ornamental Horticulture produces flowers and plants for their beauty • Natural Resources involve working with things found in nature like soil, water, and air

23. Objective Two Identify Important Historical Developments in Agriculture

24. Two Important Groups of People That Affected Early Agriculture • Native Americans • Colonists

25. Native Americans • Includes Indians, Hawaiians, and Eskimos • Hunting and gathering met their food and fiber needs • Indians first began simple farming • By 1000 AD, corn is being grown in large plots

26. Colonists • Learned many successful ag practices from Native Americans • Credited with early domestication of animals, which is the taming, confinement, and breeding of animals for human use

27. Objective Three • Explain major technological developments in agriculture

28. What is Technology? • Technology is the application of knowledge to practical use • Uses inventions (new devices, products, or ways of doing work) for easier work and better living

29. History of American Agriculture1776-1990 Farm Machinery and Technology

30. 18th Century • Oxen and Horses used for power • Crude wooden plows • Sowing and cultivating by hand • Harvested grain with sickle • Threshing grain with flail

32. 1776 To 1799 • Cradle and scythe introduced • 1793--Cotton Gin invented • 1794--Thomas Jefferson’s moldboard plow of least resistance tested • 1797--Charles Newbold patented first cast iron plow • Charles Townsend develops crop rotation systems

33. 1800 To 1830 • 1819--Jethro Wood patented iron plow with interchangeable parts • US food canning industry was established • Gregor Mendel discovers basic principles of heredity

34. 1830’s • 250 hours needed to produce 100 bushels (five acres) of wheat • 1834--McCormick Reaper patented • 1837--John Deere began making steel plows • 1837--Practical Threshing machine patented

36. 1840’s • 1841--Practical grain drill patented • 1842--First grain elevator in Buffalo, New York • 1844--Practical mower patented • 1847--Irrigation begun in Utah • 1849--Mixed chemical fertilizers sold commercially

37. 1850’s • 75 hours needed to produce 100 bushels (2.5 acres) of wheat • 1854--Self-governing windmill perfected • 1856--2 horse straddle-row cultivator patented

38. 1860’s • Use of horses keys first American ag revolution • Gang and sulky plows came into use • 1868--Steam tractors tried out • 1869--Spring-tooth harrow appears • USDA established

40. 1870’s • Silos came into use • Deep well drilling first widely used • 1874--Joseph Glidden patents barbed wire. Era of open range grazing ends

41. 1880’s • 1880--William Deering put 3000 twine binders on the market • 1884--Horse drawn combine used in Pacific Coast wheat areas

42. 1890’s • 1890--Cream separators came into wide use • 50 labor hours required to produce 100 bushels (5 acres) wheat • 40 labor hours required to produce 100 bushels (2.5 acres) corn

43. 1900 To 1910 • Annual commercial fertilizer consumption 3.7 million tons • George Washington Carver finds new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans. Ag in southern United States diversifies • First successful gas tractor is built

44. Soybean uses! • Livestock Feed • Paints • Furniture • Tofu • Soy protein • Ink • Soy milk

45. 1910 To 1920 • Annual commercial fertilizer consumption 6.1 million tons • Big open-geared gas tractors came into use • 1919--Small prairie type combine with auxiliary engine introduced

46. 1920’s • 1926--Successful light tractor developed • 1926--Cotton stripper developed • Increased ag production results from expanded use of mechanized power

47. Cotton Strippers!

48. 1930’s • Annual commercial fertilizer consumption 6.5 million tons • Rubber tired tractor with complementary machinery came into use • 20 labor hours required to produce 100 bushels (2.5 acres) corn

49. 1940’s • One farmer supplies 10.7 other people • Change from horses to tractors leads to second American ag revolution • Frozen foods popularized • Annual commercial fertilizer consumption 13.6 million tons

50. 1950’s • One farmer supplies 15.5 others • 1954--Number of tractors on farms exceeds number of horses for first time • Anhydrous ammonia use increases, spurring higher yields