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Please make a note… Syllabus gspp.berkeley/iths/Cyberlife_Syllabus.htm

Please make a note… Syllabus http://gspp.berkeley.edu/iths/Cyberlife_Syllabus.htm Stephen M. Maurer smaurer@berkeley.edu Todd Fawley-King Tfawleyk@gmail.com. Cyberlife Lecture 2: Rise of the (Digital) Machines. The Story So Far…. Simplicity + Concatenation. Digital Computing.

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Please make a note… Syllabus gspp.berkeley/iths/Cyberlife_Syllabus.htm

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  1. Please make a note… Syllabus http://gspp.berkeley.edu/iths/Cyberlife_Syllabus.htm Stephen M. Maurer smaurer@berkeley.edu Todd Fawley-King Tfawleyk@gmail.com

  2. Cyberlife Lecture 2: Rise of the (Digital) Machines

  3. The Story So Far…

  4. Simplicity + Concatenation

  5. Digital Computing

  6. Digital Computing What is it and Why is It Good? Technical Details Vacuum Tubes Computers: Clocks, Logic, Memory Networks History to 1960.

  7. Why Digital?

  8. Switches, a.k.a. “Valves” and “Gates”

  9. Counting Wheels = Switches?

  10. Electronics “Vacuum Tubes,” aka “Valves” S A B

  11. Vacuum Tubes

  12. Vacuum Tubes - + +

  13. + Vacuum Tubes - + +

  14. Vacuum Tubes - - + +

  15. Logic c a a c b b "AND" a a c c b "OR" b

  16. Logic ? 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1

  17. Clocks ? Time - +

  18. Clocks Time - +

  19. Clocks 0 0 1

  20. Clocks + Gates + Logic + Memory = Computers!

  21. Better Switches? Better Switches Reed Switches Fluidics Non-Linear Optics Holography …and many more.

  22. Better Switches P N P c a The Transistor b

  23. Integrated Circuits

  24. Communications 4 x + 8.1 x + 0.1 x

  25. Communications Equals: . . . and it works the other way, too!

  26. History: 1940 - 1960

  27. George R. Stibitz Bell Labs (1937) Telephone Relays Binary Arithmetic K-Model (1938) Model 1 (1939) - $20,000 Models 2-5 (1940 - 45) Paper tape, error checking, multiplication tables, & storage registers. Customers: NACA and Aberdeen Half-Adder S = AxorB C = AandB Flip-Flop

  28. Atanasoff-Berry “ABC Computer” Iowa State (1937 – 39) Arithmetic – Base 2 Logic Memory – Condensers on rotating drum. Output – Cards. No “if” statement. Proposed 300 vacuum tube machine was never completed. John Vincent Atanassof Clifford Berry

  29. Konrad Zuse Z1 Binary Addition (1936). Mechanical, punched tape. Z2 Relays (1940). Z3 Programmable (1941). 2600 relays. Z4 Refined Z3 (1945) 2000 vacuum tubes.

  30. ENIAC 1939: Fuses instead of vacuum tubes. 1941: An electronic Differential Analyzer - $486,804.22 - 200,000 man hours 174kw, 17468 vacuum tubes, 500,000 soldered joints, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors. Completed in the Fall of 1945, used on “The Super.” John Mauchly Presper Eckert

  31. ENIAC

  32. The Idea of Software Moore School Summer School & von Neumann “First Draft.” The Idea of Software 50% of Costs by the 1950s IBM’s Share Program

  33. Postwar New Government Needs Weapons Physics & “The Super” Cryptography & Intelligence Air Defense Business Machines? Punch cards dominant until 1962. Commercializing Computers Fragile, Expensive, Unreliable

  34. Postwar Concurrent Innovation Internal Memory 1945: Delay lines, Cathode ray tube, drum memory. 1949: Magnetic core. External Memory 1945: Paper tape, cards, drum. 1950s: Plastic tape, disks. CPU Vacuum tubes, transistors (1947), integrated circuits (1959).

  35. University & Government Machines ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC (Cambridge 1949), ILLIAC (Champagne-Urbana 1951), JOHNNIAC (Rand 1953), MADM (Manchester 1953), SWAC (Bureau of Standards 1950), MANIAC (Los Alamos 1952), IAS Machine (Institute for Advanced Study 1951), Ordvac (University of Illinois for Aberdeen 1951), ACE (Turing-built 1946), etc., etc.

  36. Commercial Sector Eckert & Mauchly: Electronic Control Company (1946) Target customers: Pari-mutuel companies, aircraft companies, insurance, atomic energy, mapping, academia, aircraft. Capital, Engineering & Marketing problems Remington Rand (1950)

  37. Commercial Sector Eckert & Mauchly: Engineeering Research Associates Navy and NSA Prototypes First Commercial computers Commercial Weakness Manuals, marketing, input-output equipment. Remington-Rand (1952)

  38. Univac

  39. Whirlwind & SAGE The Return of IBM Whirlwind II/SAGE A $500m subcontract

  40. Whirlwind II

  41. Whirlwind & SAGE A Huge Project 275 tons/919 miles of cable/50,000 vacuum tubes/consumed 3MW of power 800 programmers -- 20% of the world’s supply 500,000 lines of code. Advanced Technology Magnetic core memory, large real time OS, overlapping of computation and IO functions, use of phone lines, cathode ray tube displays with light pens, high reliability.

  42. The 1950s: All Transistor Computers Software comes of Age System/360 1960 Decision Announced 1964 Delivered 1966

  43. ARPA A Golden Age? Money: $10 million 1962)/$15 million (1963). Interactive computing. ARPAnet: Carrot and Stick. Institutions: OSRD, again? Portfolio Management: J.C. Licklider. John C. Licklider (1915 – 1990)

  44. Networks

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