Ángel APARICIO Technical University Madrid (UPM) Angel.Aparicio@upm.es

1. NAMAs for Low-Carbon End-Use Sectors in Azerbaijan. Sustainable Road Transport and GHG MeasurementsEco-Driving Training for SOCAR Car DriversBaku, February 2017 Ángel APARICIO TechnicalUniversityMadrid (UPM) Angel.Aparicio@upm.es

2. ECO-DRIVING TRAINING FOR SOCAR CAR DRIVERSCONTENTS • ECO-DRIVING: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES • THE GOLDEN RULES • UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES • ADDITIONAL TIPS: SILVER RULES • WHAT SHOULD (NOT) I HAVE DONE BEFORE? • NOW… BACK TO THE ROAD

3. A. ECO-DRIVING: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES • ECODRIVING AND THE NAMAS PROJECT: • EXPECTED EMISSION SAVINGS: • 1495 t CO2 saved per year • REACHING AT LEAST • 160 drivers of trucks and buses (average 25,000 km/year) • 180 drivers of cars: 6% (average 15,000 km/year)

4. A. ECO-DRIVING: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES • CONCEPT • Driving the vehicle in a way that reduces the consumption of fuel without compromising safety or travel time • Makes better use of the vehicle technical characteristics

5. A. ECO-DRIVING: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES • KEY UNDERLYING CONCEPTS • The vehicle’s emissions are linked to fuel consumption • Fuel consumption is related to the engine regime (rpm) • Acceleration requires increasing the engine regime (rpm)

6. A. ECO-DRIVING: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES • OBJECTIVES OF ECO-DRIVING • Advantages to the whole society: • Less CO2 emissions: good for fighting climate change! • Less pollutants: good for air quality in cities! • Less noise: good for quality of life in cities!

7. A. ECO-DRIVING: CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES • OBJECTIVES OF ECO-DRIVING • Advantages for the company (for the vehicle’s owner) • Lower fuel consumption: lower operational costs • Lower maintenance costs • Advantages for driver and passenger • Less stressing driving conditions • Smooth trip experience (fewer accelerating and braking) • Safer journey

8. B. THE GOLDEN RULES • Anticipate Traffic Flow • Read the road as far ahead as possible and anticipate the flow of traffic. • Act instead of react, enabling steady driving with constant speed. • Increase your scope of action with an appropriate distance between vehicles to use momentum • An increased safety distance equivalent of about 3 seconds to the car in front optimizes the options to balance speed fluctuations in traffic flow.

9. B. THE GOLDEN RULES 2. Maintain a steady speed at low RPM • Drive smoothly, using the highest possible gear at low RPM. 3. Shift up early • Shift to higher gear at approximately 2.000 RPM. • Consider the traffic situation, safety needs and vehicle specifics.

10. B. THE GOLDEN RULES • What if your vehicle is automatic? • The advice to shift up early still applies. • Do not apply a high load to the accelerator. A deep accelerator position is ‘interpreted’ by a car’s engine management system as meaning that the driver wants to accelerate very quickly, which leads to shifting at higher rpm (“kick down”: a down shift when the driver pushes the accelerator to the floor). • Drivers of automatics should therefore accelerate gently whenever possible as this encourages the automatic gearbox to shift up at lower engine speeds. • The ‘sports’ mode of an automatic gearbox should be avoided as this also leads to shifting at higher engine speeds

11. B. THE GOLDEN RULES 4. Check tire pressures frequently at least once a month and before driving at high speed • Keep tires properly inflated as low tyre pressure is a safety risk and wastes fuel. • For correct tire pressure (associated to loading, highest pressure and speed driven), check with car’s manual.

12. B. THE GOLDEN RULES 5. Any extra energy required costs fuel and money • Use air conditioning and electrical equipment wisely and switch it off if not needed. • Electrical energy is converted from extra fuel burnt in a combustion engine. • So, electrical equipment doesn’t work “for free”: it always costs extra energy and money. • Avoid dead weight and aerodynamic drag: avoid opening windows at high speed or carrying roof boxes when not in use

13. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Car engines have improved dramatically in the last 20 years • However, real-life consumption and emissions are much higher than those claimed by manufacturers in their official tests • One of the reasons is that drivers do not take full advantage of the technical innovations implemented in engines.

14. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Key engine parameters • Throttle position (%) • ω, Engine speed (RPM) • M, Torque (Nm) • Torque is a function of throttle position and engine speed • P, Power (kW) • P [W] = M [Nm] ω [9,549 RPM]

15. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Torque can be plotted as a function of throttle position and engine speed • For each Torque x RPM relationship Power calculation is straightforward

16. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Curves are usually presented with 100% throttle opening • What do we need, while driving? • Power is needed while accelerating (getting maximum speed, towing loads, negotiating slopes…) • Torque: how flexible or how much force can be expressed in a given gear; it is needed while starting, overtaking (in-gear acceleration)…

17. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Performance curves: • Specific fuel consumption: the fuel consumed to provide one Torque unit or one Energy unit • Specific consumption per Kwh (energy) provided • Specific fuel consumption varies with throttle opening. For 100%:

18. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • The engine map or Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) map: • includes the specific fuel consumption (g fuel/kW-h or g fuel/Nm-h). • Also provides the power associated to each torque-rom combination • Lowest specific fuel consumption at high torque regime

19. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS The red curve shows the torque regimeswith 100% throttle • Thedeep red area shows the máximum efficiency, i.e: • Throttle at 50%-75% • Torque slightlybelowitsmaximum Thepurple curve shows theregimeswithmaximum performance for a givenpower

20. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • A certain power (i.e. speed) can be attained: • With low RPM and high gear (i.e. high torque) • With high RPM; and low gear (i.e. low torque)

21. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS BFSC Map: Subaru

22. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS BFSC Map (Audi, dieselengine)

23. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Changing gears: • Gears serve to increase torque and reduce speed from the engine to the wheels, while keeping most of the power • A continuous automatic gearbox would optimize the choice of gear for each situation • In practice, automatic vehicles can be beated by manual vehicles, provided the driver follows some simple rules

24. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • Changing gears: • Consumption decreases steadily by moving through higher gears • The only limitation for changing to a higher gear is getting enough torque (or traction force) at the wheels to overcome the losses

25. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • The eco-driving experience: • Changing up the highest possible gear forces you to open the throttle, moving up to a more efficient region (up to 75%) • Throttle serves to put air into the cylinder, so a half-closed throttle makes the engine to use some energy in getting air in (pumping effect). • Petrol and diesel cars manufactured from 1990 onwards are generally equipped with fuel injection systems that include an electronic function that cuts off engine fuel supply under engine braking conditions (accelerator released and a gear engaged). • Under such conditions a car uses less fuel than it would if it were coasting in neutral. To take full advantage of this function a vehicle’s accelerator should be released as early as possible, • Throttle remains partly opened for an idle engine • Throttle is fully closed while driving if power is no needed due to momentum or downhill slope

26. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS • A few basic takeaways: • Keep the lower engine regime (rpm) compatible with the speed you need, even if you have to keep the throttle down • Keep the high gear as long as possible • Make gear changes quick and at the optimal (2000) rpm • For reducing speed, get your foot away from the accelerator pedal, keep the gear engaged (reducing gear as necessary, to allow for “engine brake”), and avoid using the brake, if possible.

27. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS BASIC VEHICLE DYNAMICS • Forces pulling the car • Driving force (Traction) = Power/Speed • Forces opposing the vehicle movement: • Friction = fR x Weight (fR[tyre, pavement] • Air resistance = 0.5 x Cx x Ai x v2 • Slope • ±Weight x sin(α)

28. C. UNDERSTANDING THE RULES: ENGINE BASICS A few takeaways on ecodriving • Driving force (Traction) = Power/Speed • Quick acceleration requires higher driving force, and higher power • Tip: Use acceleration and deceleration only when needed • Forces opposing the vehicle movement: • Low friction can be achieved with adequate tyres and pressure • Air resistance increases with square speed: Avoid overspeeding • Slope • Getthebenefit of downhillslopes • General • Avoidunnecessaryweight

29. D. UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES • Anticipate Traffic Flow • Read the road as far ahead as possible and anticipate the flow of traffic. • Act instead of react, enabling steady driving with constant speed. • Increase your scope of action with an appropriate distance between vehicles to use momentum • An increased safety distance equivalent of about 3 seconds to the car in front optimizes the options to balance speed fluctuations in traffic flow. EXPLANATIONS • Avoiding accelerating and braking keeps the engine running at the most efficient zone • Maintaining a minimum vehicle to vehicle distance equivalent to about three seconds will in most case give the driver time to ‘act instead of react’. By adopting this simple action, variations in traffic speed can usually be equalised and gently managed simply by lifting off the accelerator, and unnecessary braking and accelerating can be avoided. • Will another car “jump-in” in the gap? If so, it does not make any difference in my travel time

30. D. UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES • Anticipate Traffic Flow • Read the road as far ahead as possible and anticipate the flow of traffic. • Act instead of react, enabling steady driving with constant speed. • Increase your scope of action with an appropriate distance between vehicles to use momentum • An increased safety distance equivalent of about 3 seconds to the car in front optimizes the options to balance speed fluctuations in traffic flow. EXPLANATIONS (cont.) • Releasing the accelerator early and remaining in gear when slowing down or driving down hill will in most situations and for most vehicles activate the fuel cut‐off switch, which will reduce fuel flow to virtually zero. • However fuel cut‐off switches do not operate at low revs and some older vehicles do not even have them, so the following tips should also be followed as long as they are compatible with national traffic regulations: • Allowing the vehicle to roll in neutral with the engine idling will make better use of a vehicle’s momentum in situations where the fuel cut‐off switch would not operate. (But remember when driving downhill it is important to remain in the correct gear to avoid unintentional acceleration). • Letting the vehicle roll in gear but with the clutch engaged is a useful variation of the above tip that might also be deployed in situations in which the fuel cut‐off switch is not likely to operate and when the driver believes he will soon continue in the same gear as before.

31. D. UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES 2. Maintain a steady speed at low RPM • Drive smoothly, using the highest possible gear at low RPM. 3. Shift up early • Shift to higher gear at approximately 2.000 RPM. • Consider the traffic situation, safety needs and vehicle specifics. EXPLANATIONS • Smooth driving at a steady speed uses less fuel and is safer than driving at the same average speed but with more acceleration and braking. • Use of cruise control will increase consumption, but it is useful to avoid keeping an eye at the speedometer. It can be appropriate for most extra urban driving and even in some city driving. • High speeds drastically increase fuel consumption. For example, data from the AA in the UK shows that a car at 136km/h typically uses approximately 25% more fuel than at112km/h for a given distance.

32. D. UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES 2. Maintain a steady speed at low RPM • Drive smoothly, using the highest possible gear at low RPM. 3. Shift up early • Shift to higher gear at approximately 2.000 RPM. • Consider the traffic situation, safety needs and vehicle specifics. EXPLANATIONS • Sharp acceleration takes a lot of fuel, but full acceleration (acceleration pedal down to the floor) is OK when it is safe and practical to do so. If possible, when driving uphill select a gear that requires the accelerator to be depressed no more than about three‐quarters of its maximum position • When accelerating hard, skipping gears e.g. 3rd to 5th or 4th to 6th can in some situations save fuel. • For automatics, avoid activating the kick‐down switch, which changes down a gear, unless the faster acceleration provided by the lower gear is required for safety reasons.

33. D. UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES 4. Check tyre pressures frequently at least once a month and before driving at high speed • Keep tyres properly inflated as low tyre pressure is a safety risk and wastes fuel. • For correct tyre pressure (associated to loading, highest pressure and speed driven), check with car’s manual. EXPLANATIONS - Low tyre pressure increases the area of contact between tyre and pavement, increasing friction

34. D. UNDERSTANDING THE GOLDEN RULES 5. Any extra energy required costs fuel and money • Use air conditioning and electrical equipment wisely and switch it off if not needed. • Avoid dead weight and aerodynamic drag: avoid opening windows at high speed or carrying roof boxes when not in use EXPLANATIONS • Electrical energy is converted from extra fuel burnt in a combustion engine. • So, electrical equipment doesn’t work “for free”: it always costs extra energy and money.

35. E. ADDITIONAL TIPS: SILVER RULES • Drive-off immediately after starting the engine; do not warm up the engine by idling • Switch-off the engine at longer stops • (or use the automatic "start/stop") - when expected to stop longer than 20 seconds (ignition on) EXPLANATIONS • Modern engines do not need warming up. This can be better done just driving smoothly for the first couple of minutes • For most modern engines the ‘break even’ period – at which the fuel saved by turning off exceeds the fuel used to re‐start the engine – is around 20 seconds. • Idling engines consume 1 l/hour, even more.

36. E. ADDITIONAL TIPS: SILVER RULES • Close windows when driving at higher speeds, as open windows increase dynamic drag and consume extra fuel • Use low friction oils and low energy tyres EXPLANATIONS • A thinner, lower viscosity oil flows more easily right at startup and gets to those critical areas more quickly. Because of that, a thinner oil can actually do a great job of reducing the wear an engine sees when it is first cranked. Plus, that lower viscosity helps free up some horsepower because the oil pump doesn’t have to work as hard to move the oil throughout the engine. • While a thicker, higher viscosity oil does usually provide a stronger film surface to protect the bearings, advanced chemistry has enabled modern motor oils to provide superior protection with lighter weight viscosities. • 20% of a car's fuel consumption is due to the tyre. To reduce fuel consumption, the forces opposing the vehicle's movement need to be decreased. Therefore a decrease in tyre rolling resistance leads to a reduction in fuel consumption.

37. E. ADDITIONAL TIPS: SILVER RULES Lowenergy tires: EU label

38. E. ADDITIONAL TIPS: SILVER RULES • Check your car regularly and have it serviced to keep it "eco-fit" and also "safety-fit". • Fuel-saving starts with choosing a low-emission car • Choose a fuel-efficient model with reduced CO2 emissions. Diesel vehicles should always be equipped with particulate filters. A fuel consumption display helps you save fuel. Cruise control and an automatic gearbow can decrease fuel-consumption. • Avoid short car trips! • Cold engines need much more fuel per km than warmed-up engines and cause equivalently more CO2. On short trips the engine does not reach its optimum operating temperature, increasing wear and reducing durability. • Consider alternative means of transport • Some trips can be done sharing the same vehicle or using public transport

39. F. WHAT SHOULD (NOT) I HAVE) DONE BEFORE? • BASIC CHECK LIST: What didI do this morning? • Before entering the car: • Did I check tyres (at least visually)? • Did I check if the car had any unnecessary weight I do not need, including roof racks? • Before starting the engine • Did I adjust seat, mirrors to a comfortable position? • Did I set heating/cooling to correct levels? • Did I check the fuel saving devices available in my car? • Rev counter, cruise control, instantaneous fuel consumption, shift indicator, tyre pressure indicator…

40. F. WHAT SHOULD (NOT) I HAVE) DONE BEFORE? • BASIC CHECK LIST: What did I do this morning? • Starting the engine • Did I start the engine WITHOUT accelerating? • Did I started the trip immediately, without waiting for the engine to “warm up”, and driving slowly for the first couple of minutes? • Did I change gears as soon as possible, at 2000 rpm until I reached the most efficient one for the first section of the trip? • Moving around • Have I kept a speed as constant as possible? • Did I overspeed? • Have I kept a reasonable distance from the other vehicle? • Uphill • Have I kept a high gear, with acceleration pedal fully down, as much as possible?

41. F. WHAT SHOULD (NOT) I HAVE) DONE BEFORE? • BASIC CHECK LIST: What didI do this morning? • Downhill • Have I used the “engine break” with a gear engaged and without touching the accelerator pedal? • Negotiating a bench • Have I tried to drive around a bench without changing to a lower gear, i.e. by releasing the accelerator, and then braking if necessary before entering the bench? • Entering the motorway • Did I wait for the right headway to enter the motorway? • Did I move safely and quickly to the highest gear, without excessive acceleration? • Leaving the motorway • Did I reduce speed smoothly, making the most of the car momentum, without overusing the brakes?

42. F. WHAT SHOULD (NOT) I HAVE) DONE BEFORE? • BASIC CHECK LIST: What did I do this morning? • General • Did I overuse sharp acceleration or sharp breaking? • Did I check the RPM regularly? • Did I check speed regularly? • Did I check any other efficiency devices, if available? • Stopping • How did I get the car to its parking place? • How long did the engine stay idling since the car was parked?

43. G. NOW… BACK TO THE ROAD • For your second driving, try to focus on what you consider to be the most important issues, which are different from your usual practice. • You may ask or comment with the others what you are doing and the decisions you are taking. • And remember… safety comes always first!

44. REFERENCES • ECOWILL Project (2012). Short Duration Training. HandbookforTrainers. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/projects/sites/iee-projects/files/projects/documents/ecowill_level2_handbook_en.pdf • TREATISE Project (2005). Ecodriving: Smart, EfficientDrivingTechniques. Available at http://www.fiaregion1.com/download/projects/ecodriven/manual_ecodrivingpdf.pdf

45. Thankyou! Ángel Aparicio TechnicalUniversity of Madrid (UPM) Angel.Aparicio@upm.es