Historical Geography of Pre-Soviet Eastern Europe and Central Asia

1. HistoricalGeography ofPre-SovietEastern Europe andCentral Asia http://www.mentalfloss.com/article/53349/how-many-countries-are-there

2. Pre-Soviet Russian History 1240-1462: Mongol occupation 1463-1612: Growth of Muscovy as Russia 1613-1917: Romanov imperial dynasty 300-700: Migration Period 500-880: Proto-Slavs 880-1239: KievanRus

3. “The Migration Period” 300-700 a.d. • Goths • Vandals • Franks • Huns • Turks

4. Growth of Russia / USSR “Cultural Hearth”

5. Proto-Slavs • ~500 a.d. • Origins debated • “Slav” = people of the same language

6. Russia First major group of ethnic Slavs: East Slavs Later developed: • West Slavs • South Slavs Belarus Kiev • Ukraine

7. Growth of the Russian Empire: Ancient Slavic Centers 800s - 1200s Novgorod • Moscow Kiev

8. KievanRus’ (880-1239) (Kyivv) First established by Khazars (Turks) around 482 a.d. 862 a.d.: Varangians (Vikings) invade and settle along trade route at Kiev Kiev • Predecessor State of: • Belarus • Ukraine • Russia • Controlled trade route with Asia between Baltic and Black Seas,

9. Novgorod • Oldest Slavic city in Russia (859 AD) • Not as old as Kiev (~5th Century) • Along trade route

10. Slavic Peoples Today • Polish • Czech • Slovak • Russian • Ukrainian • Belarusian • EAST SLAVS • WEST SLAVS • Slovenian • Bosnian • Serbian • Croatian • Montenegrin • Macedonian • Bulgarian Thessaloniki, Greece • SOUTH SLAVS •

11. Vladimir I (958-1015) • Kievan Rus VERY prosperous (trade) • Became first seed of “Russia” • Saint Vladimir Svyatoslavich the Great (Vladimir I) was the prince of Kiev • Vladimir, hearing stories from neighboring areas how religion is much better than paganism, sent envoys to check out these religions (Islam, Judaism, others) • Decided to go with Christianity • 989: Went with Orthodox Christianity – But why?

12. EasternOrthodoxy • “Orthodox:” = “correct belief” (Greek) • Patriarch (“pope”) at Byzantine capital: Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) • Economic link: Major trade partners in region = influence? • Cultural link: Slavic culture and language • Cyrillic alphabet (derived from Greek)

13. Saints Cyril and Methodius • From Thessaloniki, Greece (Southern Slavic) • Went on missions for Orthodox church • Created written Cyrillic alphabet (script): Slavic sounds but based on Greek alphabet • Cultural / Ideological differences with Rome • Great Schism (1054) • Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox split • Orthodox uses Cyrillic, not Latin • Slavs could understand Cyrillic, not Latin • Translated Bible into Cyrillic, attracted followers

14. The Great Schism(1054) Eastern Orthodox Catholicism

15. Slavic Languages • Thessaloniki

16. Scripts Greek (Hellenic) Cyrillic

17. Practice your Russian! Moscow Kaliningrad Bulgaria Russia Restaurant Москва Калинингра́д България Росси́я Ресторан

18. Historical Europe: 200 .A.D.

19. Historical Europe: 600 .A.D.

20. Historical Europe: 900 .A.D.

21. Historical Europe: 1000 .A.D.

22. Historical Europe: 1200 .A.D.

23. Historical Europe: 1300 .A.D.

24. Historical Europe: 1600 .A.D.

25. Historical Europe: 1800 .A.D.

26. Historical Europe: 1900 .A.D.

27. Historical Europe: 2000 .A.D. http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/index.html

28. Mongol Empire (1206-1405) Largest contiguous empire in the history of the world! Genghis Khan (1162-1227)

29. The birth of Muscovy • Founded in 1147 • Kiev destroyed (1260); Slavs moved North • After 150 years, tired of paying “tributes” to Mongols • Infighting among Tatars • Years of resistance, rebellion • Orthodox church wants regional HQ • Muscovy eventually emerges as most important city / region

30. Muscovy Principality (sovereign district) founded in 1325

31. Muscovy•Center of Orthodoxy after Ottomans takeConstantinople, 1453(Istanbul) •Absorbed otherprincipalities, 1400s• Independent 1476;conquered Tatars 1500s

32. Here come the Ivans… • Ivan I: First monarch of Muscovy (thru 1340) • Ivan II: “The Fair” (1353 to 1359) • Ivan III: “The Great” (to 1462 to 1505) • Expanded Muscovy territory • Had Kremlin built • Claimed Moscovy as “the 3rd Rome” • Ivan IV: “The Terrible” (1533 to 1584) First “tsar” I II III IV

33. Ivan “the Terrible?” “Caesar” • Was Grand Prince of all Russia from 1533-1547 • Gave himself promotion to tsar in 1547 (to 1584) • “Tsar” comes from • Longest reign of any Russian ruler…ever! • Had St. Basil’s Cathedral Built • Expanded east past Urals, but soon lost his mental faculties after his wife (first tsaritsa), Anastasia Romanovna,died • Killed his son, beat his daughter • Killed his people out of paranoia—or not? • Extremely oppressive ruler • Mistranslation of “Fearsome,” “Mighty,” or Terrible? • Body exhumed in 1960s—mercury in his body! • And Anastaia’s, too…

34. St. Basil’s Cathedral (Moscow) …although legend has it that Ivan, after seeing the most beautiful structure the world had ever seen, he had his architects’ eyes blinded to make sure they could never design anything as beautiful ever again…

35. Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Czar (Tsar) = EmperorCzarina (Tsaritsa) = Empress

36. Patrilineal Legacy • From the Vikings (Scandinavians) • Are you Scandi? • What was your (great?) grandfather’s last name? • Sven Sven’s son/dottir Swenson • Ole Ole’s son/dottir Olson • Lars Lars’ son/dottirLarsdottir • NelsNels’ son/dottirNelsdottir • Peter Peter’s son/dottirPetersdottir • Anders Anders’ son/dottir Anderson • Samuel Samuel’s son/dottir Samuelsson • Gustav Gustav’s son/dottir Gustafson

37. In OLD Russia… • Feodor Feodor’s son Federov • Sharap Sharap’s daughter Sharapova • Roman Roman’s son Romanov

38. The Romanovs • A family ofboyars(nobility) • Reported directly to the prince • Anastasia was chosen out of ~1,500 women brought to Ivan competing to be his wife RomanZakharyin Anastasia Nikita Romanov FeodorRomanov Mikhail Romanov

39. What was the Romanov secret to success? • Wars • Expansion • Oppression • Invoke more state-centered (governmental) rule • Repeat… Peter the Great (1682-1725) Catherine the Great (1762-1796)

40. 1386: Poland and Lithuania Unite(end of Mongol Empire)

41. Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth(1569) • During reign of Ivan IV • Included: Belarus, Lativa; parts of Ukraine, Estonia, Russia • Lasted until 1795 (although constantly shrinking)

42. Meanwhile…Holy Roman Empire (~1200) Germany, perhaps more than any other country, has influenced the geography and culture of Western and Central Europe since the fall of the Roman empire… “First Reich” (843-1806)

43. And, let’s not forget about the Turks… The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) Vlad (the Impaler) Dracul warded off the Turks (1448-1476)

44. Central Asia (Turkestan)Muslim states along Silk Road from China • Via trade, much eclecticism!

45. Caucasus: “shatterbelt” • Convergence of major powers: Russian, Ottoman, Persian • Convergence of diverse ethnicities • Convergence of different religions: Orthodox Christians, Sunni and Shi’a Muslims • Eclecticism can be + or - !

46. Growth of Russia, 1462-1796 • Expanded to future size of USSR • Feudal State: based on relationship of lord to serfs (peasant “slaves”) • End of Poland until end of WWI • “Russification”of minorities • Sign of things to come

47. Russian expansion, 1796-1894

48. Russia at maximum extents(not concurrently) • Dominated over many cultures!

49. Russians as % of Empire

50. Growth of Russia 1462 : 15,000 mi21914 : 8.5 million mi2Grew avg. 50 mi2 per dayto 1/7 of Earth’s landmass,inc. 11 time zones • It’s like adding TWOEau Claires, every day, for 452 years!