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Ontologies and OWL with some notes on XML Schema, E-R Diagrams and UML in 15 minutes

Ontologies and OWL with some notes on XML Schema, E-R Diagrams and UML in 15 minutes. Dave Thau University of Kansas thau@learningsite.com. XML Schema Fiesta!. Yahoo!. Darwin Core ABCD SDD TCS Linnean Core And more to come. Yippee!. < >. < >. < >. < >. XML Schema Is Good For.

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Ontologies and OWL with some notes on XML Schema, E-R Diagrams and UML in 15 minutes

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  1. Ontologies and OWLwith some notes onXML Schema, E-R Diagrams and UMLin 15 minutes Dave Thau University of Kansas thau@learningsite.com

  2. XML Schema Fiesta! Yahoo! • Darwin Core • ABCD • SDD • TCS • Linnean Core • And more to come Yippee! < > < > < > < >

  3. XML Schema Is Good For • Describing the format of documents • How elements nest • Which elements are necessary • The order in which they may appear • What attributes an element can have • Describing the element types • Ensuring valid syntax

  4. XML Schema Not Made For • Semantics • When are two things the same? • How do two concepts relate? • How do I know what kind of thing this is? • These matter in: • SDD terminologies • Schema mapping

  5. Erect hairs on mesosoma Erect hairs on trunk

  6. Same Idea, Different Names

  7. Ontologies • An ontology defines a common vocabulary for researchers who need to share information in a domain • It includes machine-interpretable definitions of basic concepts in the domain and relations among them. • Ontologies enable reuse of domain knowledge • They assist mediation between heterogeneous data sources – XML documents among them.

  8. Example Ontology Body Part Mesosoma Of Ant #100 Pronotum Of Ant #100 Mesosoma Pronotum hasPart hasColor Ontologies have: Concepts Properties Instances Color brown

  9. OWL • W3C Standard Web Ontology Language • OWL builds on RDF and RDFS which can be represented using XML • Vocabulary designed to describe concepts and relationships between them • Based on Description Logics, varieties of predicate logic, so supports reasoning

  10. Some Handy OWL Terms • Relationships between classes • equivalentClass • subClassOf • Intersection, union, complement, disjunction • Relationships between instances • sameAs, differentFrom • Properties of properties • Cardinality • Transitive, Symmetric • allValuesFrom, someValuesFrom • Functional, InverseFunctional • Relationships between properties • subPropertyOf • inverseOf • samePropertyAs

  11. OWL Example <owl:Class rdf:ID=”ParasiticHost”> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=” http://ecofax.org/ontologies#Host”/> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Restriction> <owl:onProperty> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about=”#hasParasite”/> </owl:onProperty> <owl:minCardinality rdf:datatype=”&xsd:int”> 1 </owl:minCardinality> </owl:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </owl:Class> <owl:ObjectProperty rdf:ID=”hasParasite”> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource=”#parasiticHost”/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource=“http://ecofax.org/ontologies#Parasite”/> </owl:ObjectProperty>

  12. Reconciling Ontologies ONTOLOGY 2 ONTOLOGY 1 Segment Body Part Meso of Ant #100 Trunk of Ant #210 Mesosoma Trunk Pronotum equivalent hasPart What trunk colors do I know about? equivalent isColored hasColor Brown Red equivalent Color Hue

  13. Ontologies and XML Schema

  14. Mapping Standards Darwn Core Schema ABCD Schema Linnean Core Schema 1 n! mappings. Not so good! 2 (n-2)!

  15. Mapping Standards Specimen schema ABCD schema Darwn Core schema Linnean Core schema mappings. Better! n

  16. Deriving XML Schema From Ontologies Specimen Ontology Mapping Using OWL Darwn Core Ontology Linnean Core Ontology ABCD Ontology Mapping Using XLink? Maybe extending XML type Elements? Darwn Core Schema Linnean Core Schema ABCD Schema

  17. Ontology Analogy From “The Relations Between Ontologies and XML Schema Klein, Fensel, van Harmelen and Horricks, 2001 http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~horrocks/Publications/download/2001/etai01.pdf

  18. Why bother? • Ontologies can add semantics to XML schema elements and attributes • Semantics are necessary for interoperability between different schemata • Nailing down your data model before implementation is a good idea • Don’t build a building w/o blueprints • Make sure you know what you need • Make sure you know how things relate

  19. UML • UML is an graphical notation for software development • Good for describing object-oriented design • UML can sort-of be used to model OWL • However: • Properties in OWL are first class citizens – not true of associations in UML • OWL has built-in descriptions like subProperty, sameAs, transitive • UML may be MMTT in this case

  20. Conclusion • XML Schema is great for describing document structure • Not great for interoperability between systems using different schemata • If we can’t live in perfect harmony, need to reconcile schemata • That’s what ontologies are for • Schemata can be derived from ontologies • We can have both!

  21. Ontology Tools I Know and Love • Specification -- http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/ • Protege -- http://protege.standford.edu/ • The XML Spy of ontology editors • Nice viewer for OWL • Pellet -- http://www.mindswap.org • My current favorite Description Logic reasoner for OWL • Jena2 -- http://jena.sourceforge.net • Java based OWL reasoner and parser • SWI-Prolog -- http://www.swi-prolog.org/ • Has modules for semantic web support (rdf, rdfs, owl)

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