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ISLAM

ISLAM. BACKGROUND: ARABS. Semitic – speaking Nomads Arabian peninsula Tribes ruled by sheikh Caravan trade Persian Gulf to Mediterranean; by 640 ruled Syria, Palestine and Iraq;642 Lower Egypt; 711 S Spain and 732 the advance was stopped. Allah symbolized by a sacred stone in each tribe

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ISLAM

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  1. ISLAM

  2. BACKGROUND: ARABS • Semitic – speaking • Nomads • Arabian peninsula • Tribes ruled by sheikh • Caravan trade Persian Gulf to Mediterranean; by 640 ruled Syria, Palestine and Iraq;642 Lower Egypt; 711 S Spain and 732 the advance was stopped

  3. Allah symbolized by a sacred stone in each tribe • All tribes worshipped The Black Stone in the Kabah in Mecca • Trade shift directed trade through Mecca • Result=conflict between merchants and Bedouins

  4. MUHAMMED • Born in Mecca • Worried by humility of Bedouins and greed of merchants • Knew of Moses and Jesus • Cave visit-believed he heard final revelations from Allah • Written form=QURAN

  5. Began preaching for conversion • Moved from Mecca to Medina • Became religious and political leader • 630AD conquered Mecca

  6. ISLAM: “submission to the will of Allah” • Holy book=QURAN • One god=Allah=monotheistic • Prophets=Moses, Jesus, Muhammed • Hegira=journey to Medina=year 1 • No separation between religious and political authority • Belief in salvation and afterlife

  7. Dome of the Rock • Jerusalem • 1st great Islamic building • Caliph Abd al-Malik ( patron) • Tribute to the triumph of Islam when the Byzantines were driven from the city • Rises from the Noble Enclosure ( site of the Temple of Solomon, burial of Adam, Abraham’s preparation for sacrifice of Isaac

  8. Rock is the site where Muhammed journeyed to heaven and returned to Mecca • Domed (60X75) octagon (similar to?) • Church of the Holy Sepulchre is nearby • Exterior renovated with tile (once mosaic)

  9. Great Mosque Damascus • New capital 661 • Patron: caliph al-Walid • On the site of a Christian church • Church destroyed but Roman precinct used

  10. Essential terms • Mosque • Maqsura: area reserved for the caliph & family • Mihrab: niche in the qibla wall • Mihrab dome • Minbar:pulpit on which the iman stands • Minaret: tower to call to prayer • Muqarna: stucco decoration with stalactie-like forms which break the solidity • Qibla wall: wall in the direction of Mecca toward which Muslims pray

  11. Mosque = place of prostration (worship)

  12. Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain • Abd al-Rahman=founder of the Ummayad dynasty • Capital = Cordoba • Hypostyle hall with 36 piers and 514 columns with double tiered arches for roof support • Caliph al-Hakam II renovated and expanded it

  13. Tesserae (tiles) for mosaics were brought from Constantinople as were the mosaicists • Dome over the mihrab is on octagon of squinches • Mosaics are by same mosaicists who completed the maqsura • Ribs crisscross to form intricate decoration

  14. Portal of Cordoba

  15. Cordoba Mosque

  16. AlHambra: Granada, Spain

  17. Alhambra=‘the red’ • Rose colored stone • 14th = a city with 40,000 residents • Built by the Nasrids • Dome in the hall of Abencerrajes sits on octagonal drum with supported by squinches with 8 windows • Covered with 5000 muquarnas to catch the light and emulate heaven • The walls have inscriptions from Ibn Zamrak (court poet) who describes the symbols

  18. Court of the Lions, the Alhambra

  19. Sinan, The Selimiye Cami, Edirne, Turkey, 1570-74

  20. Minaret, tower for muezzins

  21. Dome of Masjid-i Shah

  22. 1200

  23. 1400

  24. FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM • BELIEF IN MUHAMMED AS PROPHET • PRAY 5X PER DAY AND PUBLICLY AT MIDDAY ON FRIDAY • OBSERVE RAMADAN • PILGRIMMAGE TO MECCA =HAJJ • GIVING TO POOR AND UNFORTUNATE

  25. SHARIAH=code of laws for ethical behaviour: forbidden to gamble, forbidden to eat pork, forbidden to drink alcohol, forbidden to be dishonest • Sexual standards = strict • Marriage arranged • Unmarried men and women’s contact discouraged

  26. Islamic Art • Highest form of art • Holy task • Scribe had spiritual refinement • Earliest was kufic • Consonants with red • Chapter title

  27. The Prophet Muhammad and his Companions Traveling to the Fair • Pigments and gold/paper • Prophet’s face not shown

  28. HOW DO THE ARABS DEMONSTRATE CULTURAL DIFFUSION AND ASSIMILATION?

  29. Taj Mahal

  30. Arabic Calligraphy on large pishtaq of the Taj Mahal

  31. Contributions • 9th –13th centuries Arabic the language of science • Texts on math from India • Introduced paper from China • Numerical system with zero from India • Created algebra • Aware that Earth was round

  32. Perfected the astrolabe • Ibn Sina=Avicenna: wrote medical encyclopedia that stressed contagious nature of disease

  33. ISLAMIC ART • What characterizes Islamic architecture • What was forbidden in early Islamic art? • For what was Cordoba known?

  34. Sikh Golden Temple (India)

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