Integrative Solutions Group, Ottawa, Canada

1. Integrative Solutions Group, Ottawa, Canada Woytek Kujawski, Ph.D. Arch, MRAIC, LEED AP, iiSBE Can Buildings Save And Improve Municipal Infrastructure?

2. MOTTO: Infrastructure is what makes us able to maintain modern and functioning societies.

3. The REASONS • Infrastructureplays an essential role in the global economies and its health should be of critical interest to architects and urbanists. • “To support projected economic growth up to 2030, theglobal infrastructure investment would need to reach approx. $75 billion over the next 11 years.“ (based on the free interpolation of 2013 data) • Canada alone had a $500 milliard (metric) infrastructuregap in 2016 that has only increased since. • After McKinsey & Company That’s frightening!

4. The TROUBLE • We may be designing infrastructure for the last century rather than the next. • The NEED • We should focus on creatingsmart, sustainable and resilient infrastructurethat is smaller, less expensive and more decentralized. • "The building is the natural building block in smart cities." • (G. Newsham -NRC, Ottawa) • The WHO • Urban planners AND architects are just one of many agents of change in a complex (urban) system”.(F. Grammenos)

5. The GOAL The buildings that can co-create new infrastructure: • connected to buildings that can sharethe energy produced on site and water received from the operations and rainfalls • optimized through the reduction of energy demand, recovery of the heat losses in inefficient systems, capture of heat from sewage and use of gas emissions and municipal waste as a source of fuel. Source:Millenium, Vancouver

6. The WHAT TO CONSIDER Contribution of buildings to the infrastructure within their urban context. General rules helping design better buildings and communities, and the infrastructure Other potential influencers Urban Morph. Synergy zones, Climatic Design, Street Patterns Urban Farm., Insurance, Cost Impact of buildings life cycle on infrastructure Impact of urban design on municipal infrastructure Impact of architectural design on buildings energy-efficiency and on potential renewable energy use Design

7. The IDEA The behaviour of infrastructure can be compared to the natural behaviours of ecosystems with their strict requirements and rights. In an engineered ecosystem - the urban infrastructure, everything depends on: • type of activity (receiving or contributing) • degree of control • requirements and rights for the infrastructure of buildings and their surroundings Simplified “engineered eco-system” source:City of Vancouver

8. The WHAT AND HOW Buildings are impacting on infrastructurefrom the start of their construction till the end of their life cycle. Example of Manitoba Hydro HQ in Winnipeg: • Ground source heat pump - heating and cooling • Solar chimney -heating and cooling • Green roofs, stormwater - water • Parkade – 250 cars - traffic • Shape/form – energy efficiency Source:Manitoba Hydro (MH)

9. The WHAT AND HOW Suburban buildings are freestanding objects in space. Urban buildings can contribute to the infrastructure and shape the space. Energy Water Edmonton, AB, Canada London, UK Pointe Green Source:Hartwig Architects BedZed Source:ARUP

10. Contribution to infrastructure The WHAT AND HOW Energy Water Rosemont, Montreal Source:OEUF

11. The WHAT AND HOW Southeast False Creek, Vancouver Contribution to infrastructure: a district heating system with sewer heat recovery, PVs, solar thermal, and urban agriculture. Energy Water SEFC Site Plan and Neighborhood Utility Source: City of Vancouver.

12. The WHAT AND HOW Sackville, Toronto Contribution to infrastructure Energy Water • Design the systems that • treat and manage water, wastewater, and stormwater • reduce or eliminate the connections to municipal systems • Counter the climate changes, and resulting infrastructure overloads.

13. The OBVIOUS* IDEA • A mix of buildings (with heat/cold (H/C) ratio close to zero) with thermal schedules and H/C storage, can reuse the waste streams, reducing the energy consumption and the need for larger infrastructure. Diverse occupancy profiles provide opportunities for synergies in power, energy, water consumption and parking requirements • Remember: • Energy plants cannot be shut down • Energy storage is a necessity • *depending for whom

14. The picture of OBVIOUS BINGO! Source: MeliStylianou, CANMET, NRCan,

15. From building to clusters/neighbourhoods • Eco-industrial networks (EIN)share energy and waste between producers and consumers usually supplying entire communities • Eco-industrial parks generally share within themselves - almost nothing is wasted, and everything is used • Implementation: • from building to the whole city itself while: • reusing • exchanging of waste energy and renewable energy. Source:Tilie et al

16. The ATTEMPT North Vancouver - Identification of industrial buildings with excess energy or waste and potentially “serviced” adjacent communities. Source: CMHC

17. Simplified CONCLUSIONS • The buildings can save the municipal infrastructure while acting as buildings that can: • reduce energy demand by improving the envelope, form, and shape • produce the energy further minimizing the needs (the expansion or new elimination of energy plants) and the related infrastructure in all forms • produce the clean water and food • include systems that treat and manage potable, waste-, and stormwater, reducing needs to be connected to municipal systems

18. And going further: • mitigate rainwater impacts and heat transfers by improved roof design • considerurban morphology, geometry and buildingclimaticdesign • reduce or eliminate heat island (effects) in their close proximities • – urban ventilation/cooling • create a community with the efficient road and other infrastructure grids

19. Bahrain, WTC. Source: iiSBE Are we ready for the New Infrastructure of XXI century?

20. The NOT SO DISTANT FUTURE • Our power grids become like the Internet: flexible, openand modular to easily move “packets” of energy. • Vehicle to Grid (V2G)- use batteries of the fleet of electric cars to move energy from one building(with surplus) to another in need. • On-site storage becomes cost-effective for commercial and industrial buildings. • Houses become their own nano-infrastructure providers, generating energy, information, clean water and even food to share with the micro-infrastructure of their neighborhood.

21. Internet Protocol (IP) may soon redefine architecture going to the Internet of Buildings byconverging all systems onto a single IP network. Example: the WaterPark Place III building in Toronto - with LEED Core and Shell Platinum. At the Cisco floors lighting, HVAC, fire and security systems are all integrated with PoE (Power over Ethernet) eliminating the need for electrical cables. Systems are able to share data optimizing their efficiencies (elevators, comfort, real time data). Source: WZMH Architects

22. The infrastructure needs to be resilient and alsoadaptive to new challenges we will face but we cannot predict. Erle Ellis, University of Maryland, 2013 Tomorrow’s infrastructure may be smarter, cheaper, and more flexible than today’s - and buildings will be an integral part of it (through their contribution). after D. McLeod - Canadian Architect Jan 2019

23. Woytek Kujawski, Ph.D. Arch, MRAIC, LEED AP, iiSBE wk.kujawski@gmail.com 2368