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The Urban Revolution

The Urban Revolution. The First Settlements. Mostly for agriculture; administrative, commercial, and manufacturing cities would develop later Jericho Sometimes considered the world’s oldest city or permanent settlement (Though with the discovery of Gobekli Tepe, this is now debatable )

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The Urban Revolution

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  1. The Urban Revolution

  2. The First Settlements • Mostly for agriculture; administrative, commercial, and manufacturing cities would develop later • Jericho • Sometimes considered the world’s oldest city or permanent settlement (Though with the discovery of Gobekli Tepe, this is now debatable) • First permanent settlement between 10 000 and 9000 BCE; by 9400 BCE 70 dwellings • Settlement based on agriculture, cultivation and domestication of local grains • No art or pottery found in early parts of the site • Has always been the model for the formation of/rise of cities.

  3. Gobekli Tepe • Dates from the same period as Jericho, and casts doubt on it as the “first settlement” • Stone structure dates to around 9100 BCE, but settlement existed prior to that • One of the first permanent settlements • Believed to have a religious purpose – was a religious sanctuary, and a permanent settlement formed around it • First site of domestication of wheat? • Local grains were cultivated and farmed • Contained large-scale sculpture and artistic products

  4. The Ten Point Model • In 1950, Gordon Childe, an Australian archaeologist, established criteria for the major changes that occur with urbanization • Large populations and settlements • Full-time specialization and advanced division of labour • Production of agricultural surplus to fund government and differentiated society • Monumental public architecture • A ruling class

  5. The development of writing • Exact predictive sciences, such as arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and calendars • Sophisticated art styles • Long-distance trade • The State • While this model is somewhat ethnocentric and overly simplistic, it does address the key details in the major social transformation that accompanies urbanization.

  6. Location • The most powerful early cultures came from cities and regions with certain shared features • River valleys – Tigris/Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Yellow • Temperate climate • Easily domesticable plant/animal species • Settlement allowed for technological advances, such as metallurgy and weaponry

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