The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table Chapter 6

6.1 Organizing the Elements • In a self-service store, the products are grouped according to similar characteristics. With a logical classification system, finding and comparing products is easy. You will learn how elements are arranged in the periodic table and what that arrangement reveals about the elements.

6.1 Searching For an Organizing Principle • Searching For an Organizing Principle • How did chemists begin to organize the known elements?

6.1 Searching For an Organizing Principle • Chemists used the properties of elements to sort them into groups.

6.1 Searching For an Organizing Principle • Chlorine, bromine, and iodine have very similar chemical properties.

6.1 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table • Mendeleev’s Periodic Table • How did Mendeleev organize his periodic table?

6.1 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table • Mendeleev organized elements into a periodic table. • This table arranged elements into groups based on a set of repeating properties and according to increasing atomic mass. • The periodic table can be used to predict the properties of undiscovered elements.

6.1 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table • An Early Version of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

6.1 The Periodic Law • The Periodic Law • How is the modern periodic table organized?

6.1 The Periodic Law • In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

6.1 The Periodic Law • The periodic law: When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties. • The properties of the elements within a period change as you move across a period from left to right. • The pattern of properties within a period repeats as you move from one period to the next.

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • What are three broad classes of elements?

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Three classes of elements are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals in the Periodic Table

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Metals • Metals are good conductors of heat and electric current. • 80% of elements are metals. • All metals are solids at room temperature except mercury, which is a liquid. • Metals have a high luster, are ductile, and are malleable.

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Uses of Iron, Copper, and Aluminum

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Nonmetals • In general, nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electric current. • Most nonmetals are gases at room temperature. • A few nonmetals are solids, such as sulfur and phosphorus. • One nonmetal, bromine, is a dark-red liquid.

Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • Metalloids • A metalloid generally has properties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals. • The behavior of a metalloid can be controlled by changing conditions. • Metalloids are also known as semi-metals.

6.1 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids • If a small amount of boron is mixed with silicon, the mixture is a good conductor of electric current. Silicon can be cut into wafers, and used to make computer chips.

Metallic Character • Across a period, the properties of elements become less metallic and more nonmetallic. • Down a group, the properties of elements become more metallic and less nonmetallic.

6.2 Classifying the Elements • A coin may contain much information in a small space—its value, the year it was minted, and its country of origin. Each square in a periodic table also contains information. You will learn what types of information are usually listed in a periodic table.

6.2 Squares in the Periodic Table • Squares in the Periodic Table • What type of information can be displayed in a periodic table?

6.2 Squares in the Periodic Table • The periodic table displays the symbols and names of the elements, along with information about the structure of their atoms.

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6.2 Squares in the Periodic Table • Some element families have names: • The Group 1 elements are called alkali metals. • The Group 2 elements are called alkaline earth metals. • The nonmetals of Group 17 are called halogens. • The nonmetal gases of group 18 are called noble gases.

6.2

6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups • Electron Configurations in Groups • How can elements be classified based on their electron configurations?

6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups • Elements can be sorted into groups based on their electron configurations. • Elements in the same family have the same outer electron configuration = valence electrons.

6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups • The Noble Gases • The noble gases are the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table. • All noble gases except helium have 8 valence electrons.

6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups • The blimp contains helium, one of the noble gases.

6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups • The alkali metals. • In atoms of the Group 1 elements below, there is only one electron in the highest occupied energy level; one valence electron.

6.2 Electron Configurations in Groups • The carbon family • In atoms of the Group 14 elements below, there are four valence electrons.

6.2 Representative Elements

6.2 Transition Elements • Transition Elements • There are two types of transition elements—transition metals and inner transition metals. They are classified based on their electron configurations.

6.2 Transition Elements • In atoms of a transition metal, the dsublevel is filling with electrons. • In atoms of an inner transition metal, the fsublevel is filling with electrons.

6.2 Transition Elements • Blocks of Elements

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Elements Around You • In the Earth’s Crust: • Oxygen • Silicon • Aluminum • Iron • Calcium • Sodium • Potassium • Magnesium • Titanium • Hydrogen

Elements Around You • Dissolved in the Oceans: • Chlorine • Sodium • Magnesium • Sulfur • Calcium • Potassium • Bromine • Carbon • Strontium • Boron

Elements Around You • In the Atmosphere: • Nitrogen • Oxygen • Argon • Neon • Helium • Krypton • Hydrogen • Xenon • Radon

Elements Around You • In the Sun: • Hydrogen • Helium • Oxygen • Carbon • Nitrogen • Silicon • Magnesium • Neon • Iron • Sulfur

The Periodic Table