Literature Review

1. Technological Educational Institute (T.E.I.) of Ionian IslandsDepartment of Environmental Technology and Ecology – Zakynthos - GreeceDionysios Koulougliotis “Barriers to lifelong learning in Chemistry: A comparative study between adults and Chemistry teachers”

2. Literature Review Students’ difficulties & Students’ attitudes 1. Students’ difficulties - Triple nature (macroscopic, submicroscopic, symbolic) - Molecular shape visualization - Intuitive alternative ideas and misconceptions. - Formal operational reasoning and field independence - Scientific language used (“technicality”, formality, abstractness) - Teaching methodology (theory – no connection with everyday life) 2. Students’ attitudes and motives - Difficulty and Interest: Neutral attitude - Usefulness: Rather negative attitude - Importance: Rather positive attitude - Motives: “Necessary evil” – Passion. Impossible and not desirable to aim for all students to be passionate about Chemistry per se, however important to be passionate about learning SOMETHING.

3. Research aims 1. Identification of barriers to lifelong learning in Chemistry from the point of view of adults who have NOT studied physical sciences 2. Identification of barriers to lifelong learning in Chemistry from the point of view of Chemistry teachers in secondary education 3. Comparison of experiences of the two groups for possibly relating them to a unified social frame of Chemistry learning and use as a basis for a strategy proposal for promoting lifelong learning in Chemistry.

4. Research Methodology Personal structured interviews with open questions – Case study – Descriptive study 10 adults and 10 teachers - Adults’ questionnaire a. Experiences from chemistry education b. Information on Chemistry issues c. Chemical literacy and attitude towards Chemistry - Teachers’ questionnaire a. Experiences from chemistry teaching b. Reasons for students not choosing to study chemistry c. Education in Didactics of Chemistry

5. Research Methodology Sample selection In a descriptive study important to select cases which are rich in information. Willingness and ability of subject to provide the information asked. Adult selection criteria a. All adults holding a tertiary education degree NOT related with science and covering a wide spectrum of subjects (3 economist-accountant, 1 nurse, 2 classics teachers, 2 primary school teacher, 1 military professional, 1 mathematician). b. Wide age group (23-58 years old) covering a wide spectrum of experiences Teacher selection criteria a. Long experience in teaching chemistry in secondary education (at least 8 years) (8 chemists and 2 physicists) b. Teaching chemistry in both public and private schools

6. Results and Discussion ADULTS Experiences from chemistry education - Interesting course when experiments were done (4/10) - Boring course (3/10) - Neutral, some topics boring others interesting (3/10) Difficulties are related with 1. Teacher using difficult language and/or not trying to take into account the knowledge gaps of students (4) 2. Theoretical teaching and rote learning (4) 3. Chemistry textbook (2) 4. Difficult concepts (knowledge gap or intrinsic difficulty) (2) 5. Little allocated teaching time (1) 6. No difficulty (1) Reasons for not studying Chemistry 1. Preference or inclination to other subjects (5) 2. Knowledge gaps and bad performance (4) 3. Difficulty to get a job (3)

7. Results and Discussion ADULTS b. Information on Chemistry issues - Main information sources on chemistry issues are a. The Internet (8) b. Newspaper articles and magazines (7) c. Friends and relatives (3) d. Books (1) - Level of comprehension: Average (8), Very low (2) - Recent topics they heard about: environmental pollution, food, medicine - Would like to have more information on: chemical substances in foods (additives, nutrition information), environment (waste management, pollution), drugs.

8. Results and Discussion ADULTS c. Chemical literacy and attitude towards Chemistry - They consider their knowledge in chemistry a. Poor (6), b. Poor to Fair (3), c. Fair (1) Chemical literacy test showed: a. Major problem in applying the conservation of mass principle (7) b. Major difficult in giving an example of a chemical reaction c. However, mostly correct conception of material nature of odour particles. Attitude towards the word chemical

9. Results and Discussion TEACHERS Experiences from chemistry teaching Reasons for difficulties of students in Chemistry learning 1. Chemistry is a difficult subject (symbolic character – New language) (6) 2. Devaluation in the educational system (1 hour per week/ not required for the University entrance exams) (4) 3. Theoretical teaching approach (3) 4. Fragmentary pieces of knowledge not related either with each other or with student’s everyday life experiences (2) 5. Prejudice against chemistry, importance to other areas by the press (2) Important: All above points (shown in red) were also mentioned in students’ experiences (Difficult concepts – Little allocated teaching time – Theoretical teaching – Chemistry textbook) and attitudes

10. Results and Discussion TEACHERS Experiences from chemistry teaching (cont.) Difficulties faced by teachers in the educational practice 1. Limited allocated teaching time for covering the heavy curriculum and practice experiments (8) 2. Lack of lab equipment and materials (4) 3. Curriculum content (large, difficult for the students, topics not related with common experiences) (3) 4. Lack of interest from the students (Why? Course devaluation by the system, emphasis on theory and rote learning, no connection of chemistry with every day life) (5) Interesting point: The difficulties faced by the teachers in chemistry teaching are in a large degree common with the ones faced by the students in chemistry learning.

11. Results and Discussion TEACHERS b. Reasons for students not choosing to study chemistry 1. Difficult subject 2. Lack of inclination/preference for the subject 3. Difficult to get a job Adults mentioned the same reasons. Propositions by teachers 1. Improve curriculum 2. Change the social status of chemistry (more research, more job positions) 3. Improve teaching methodology (guided inquiry, lab practice) 4. Enhancement of non-formal education initiatives targeted to the average public – Social role of scientist (chemistry competitions, summer schools by research institutes)

12. Results and Discussion TEACHERS c. Education in Didactics of Chemistry Undergraduate courses (only theoretical) (2) – Very little help Training course (only theoretical) (4) – Very little help Master Program (theory and lab courses) (5) – Drastic change in their philosophy and classroom practice What should be included in a “Didactics of Chemistry” course program? - Students’ alternative ideas and misconceptions - Alternative teaching methods and teaching strategies - Design and practical training in laboratory exercises - Connection of theory with practice

13. Results and Discussion ADULTS vs TEACHERS Noteworthy agreement Negative attitude Difficulty of the subject Non-attractive teaching methodology Curriculum content Devaluation of chemistry in the education system AND in society Negative attitude of students (barrier also for the teachers) Need for teachers’ education in didactics of chemistry Need for continuing research in didactics of chemistry

14. Basis for strategy proposal Lifelong learning in science is a complex process and tends to become a requirementin today’s changing world. Necessary for teachers also. Thus, for its promotion, policy makers should adopt a spherical approach taking into account barriers of students/teachers/adults in required. Our work brought out the common barriers of teachers and adults. These barriers can be used as a basis for a strategy proposal for the promotion of lifelong learning in chemistry (and science in general)

15. Acknowledgements Katerina Salta Michalis Gekos Irene Petsimeri Marilena Carnasciali – Elizabetta Delle Donne EU

16. Thank you for your attention