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Axes and planes (fundamental positions and movements)

Axes and planes (fundamental positions and movements). 3 rd Lecture 2-11-2013. Dr .Manal Radwan Salim Lecturer of Physical Therapy Pharos University. Axes and planes. Three imaginary planes (Cardinal) divide the body in half by mass are known as the: 1-Sagittal 2-Frontal

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Axes and planes (fundamental positions and movements)

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  1. Axes and planes (fundamental positions and movements) 3rd Lecture 2-11-2013 Dr .Manal Radwan Salim Lecturer of Physical Therapy Pharos University

  2. Axes and planes Three imaginary planes (Cardinal) divide the body in half by mass are known as the: 1-Sagittal 2-Frontal 3-Transverse planes (Horizontal).

  3. The Sagittal plane The median plane divides the body vertically into left and right halves Any plane parallel to the median plane is called a sagittal plane in which forward and backward movements of the body occur. Movements in this plane can be seen from the side. e.g: Flexion / Extension dorsiflexion plantarflexion

  4. The frontal plane The frontal plane splits the body vertically in front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves in which lateral movements of the body occur. - Movements in this plane can be seen from the front or back e.g: Abduction Adduction, lateral flexion

  5. The transverse plane The transverse plane separates the body into top (superior / upper) and bottom (inferior / lower) halves in which horizontal body and body segment movements occurs when the body is in the erect standing position. -Movements in this plane can be seen from the top or bottom e.g: shoulder rotation -This movements rotate around the longitudinal axis -The longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the transverse plane

  6. Anatomical reference axes When a segment of a human body moves, it rotates around an imaginary axis (line/rod) of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached. The rotation around that imaginary axis occurs perpendicular to plane of motion. Rotation occurs perpendicular to the axis.

  7. Definition of axis of rotation: - an imaginary line about which the body rotates or spins, at right angles to the plane. There are three axes: 1-The Frontal (Mediolateral) axis. 2-The Longitudinal (Vertical) axis. 3-The Anterior-posterior (Sagital) axis.

  8. The Frontal (mediolateral) axis The Frontal axis (mediolateral): is an imaginary line around which sagittal plane rotations occur. e.g: Flexion / Extension -The frontal axis is perpendicular to the sagittal plane

  9. The Anterior-posterior (sagittal ) axis The Anterior-posterior (Sagital) axis : is an imaginary line around which frontal plane rotations occur. e.g: Abduction Adduction -The sagittal axis is perpendicular to the frontal plane

  10. The Longitudinal (vertical) axis The Longitudinal axis: is an imaginary line around which transverse plane rotations occur. i.e. medial and lateral rotations movements, supination and pronation. -The longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the transverse plane

  11. III. Degree of Freedom *It is the movement of a joint in a plane a single degree of freedom (df ). *for example the hip joint, has 3 dfs flexion and extension in the sagital plane, abduction and adduction in the frontal plane, and internal and external rotation in the transverse plane. *If human movements were confined to single-plane motion, we would look like robots as we performed our skills or joint motions.

  12. Joint classification according to allowed degree of freedom 1- Uniaxial joint: A joint with 1 df since there is one axis perpendicular to the plane of motion about which movement occurs ex elbow joint that allows only flexion and extension in the sagital plane. 2- Biaxial joint: A joint with 2 df ,ex. Wrist joint that allows flex. and ext., radial and ular deviation. 3- Triaxial joint: A joint with 3 df ,ex. hip joint that allows flex. & ext., abd. & add, int rot.& ext. Rot.

  13. Movement in the sagittal plane about the frontal axis McGinnis, (1999)

  14. Movement in the frontal plane about the sagital axis

  15. Movement in the transverse (horizontal) plane about the vertical axis

  16. IV. kinematic chain • is derived from combining degrees of freedom at various joints to produce a skill or movement. • The chain is the summation of the degrees of freedom in adjacent joints that identifies the total degrees of freedom available or necessary for the performance of a movement.

  17. For example, kicking a ball might involve an 11-df system relative to the trunk. This would include perhaps 3 df at the hip, 2 df at the knee, 1 df at the ankle, 3 df in the tarsals (foot), and 2 df in the toes.

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