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The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages. The Middle Ages. After the fall of Rome, Europe was in a state of chaos with no government Also known as the Medieval Period or the Dark Ages because of the lack of learning Lasted from about 500 to 1000BCE in Europe. Europe in the 6c (500s). Visigoths- Spain

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The Middle Ages

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  1. The Middle Ages

  2. The Middle Ages • After the fall of Rome, Europe was in a state of chaos with no government • Also known as the Medieval Period or the Dark Ages because of the lack of learning • Lasted from about 500 to 1000BCE in Europe

  3. Europe in the 6c (500s) Visigoths- Spain Ostrogoths, then Lombards- Italy Burgundians- Border areas of now France and Germany Angles and Saxons- Britain Celts- Ireland, Scotland Franks- North and West France

  4. The Middle Ages • Waves of invaders terrorized people • Trades slowed, towns emptied, learning ceased

  5. The Middle Ages • Germanic tribes & Muslim armies fought for control • Two forces rose to maintain order: feudalism & the Catholic Church

  6. Romanesque Architectural Style • Rounded Arches. • Barrel vaults. • Thick walls. • Darker, simplistic interiors. • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

  7. Gothic Architectural Style • Pointed arches. • High, narrow vaults. • Thinner walls. • Flying buttresses. • Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. • Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

  8. Parts of a Medieval Castle

  9. Feudalism • Gov’t organized to protect territories from invaders • Kings, lords exchanged land for military service from thousands; knights fought for lords • Created social system with kings, nobles on top, merchants & soldiers in the middle & peasants on the bottom

  10. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. Vassal- person pledged to you Many in between

  11. Feudalism • People left cities to live on manors (the lord’s estate) in order to grow food to live • Self-sufficient communities where people produced everything they needed

  12. Feudalism • Peasants paid taxes on milling grains, marriages, rents • Serfs: could not leave without permission; treated like slaves; children born into serfdom

  13. Great Schism 1054: Separate Roman Catholic (west) and Eastern Orthodox churches The Roman Catholic Church • Based in the Vatican in Rome • After the fall of Roman Empire, people turned to Christianity for guidance & strength • The Church provided food, shelter, clothing to poor, orphans • Organized centers for learning; sent out missionaries to recruit new members

  14. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

  15. The Catholic Church • Forced people to pay tithes to the Church • Built cathedrals, ordered works of art • Could excommunicate members or kick them out of the church • Sold indulgences, simony

  16. Catholic Church organization • Pope: head of Catholic Church; makes Church law • Cardinals: chooses new pope • Archbishops: govern areas; enforce church law • Bishops: assist Archbishops; also deliver sermons, raise money for Church • Priests: preach the word of God to the people; performed sacraments

  17. Catholic Church organization

  18. The Franks Most successful of Germanic tribes • Clovis I: established Merovingian dynasty • Do Nothing Kings: Clovis’ descendent were weak rulers; power passed to Major Domo (Mayor of Palace)

  19. The Franks Charles Martel: powerful Major Domo • 732BCE: defeated Muslims at Battle of Tours • saved Christian Europe from Muslim conquest

  20. The Franks Pepin the Short: Major Domo, son of Charles Martel • “Gift of Pepin”: Pepin defeated the Lombards & gave conquered lands to the Pope (land became Papal States) • The Pope crowned Pepin king of the Franks in return

  21. The Franks Charlemagne: son of Pepin • created empire that included France, Northern Italy, Northeast Spain (Spanish March), Germany • 800: crowned 1st Holy Roman Emperor by Pope

  22. Treaty of Verdun Divided Charlemagne’s empire between his three grandsons • Charles the Bald: got Frankish kingdom (France) • Lothair: got Central kingdom (area between France & Germany; site of many wars) • Louis the German: got East Frankish kingdom (Germany) Centralized rule weakened by invasion: Umayyad (Islam) in Spain Magyars from Hungary Vikings from northern Europe

  23. The High Middle Ages

  24. The High Middle Ages Lasted from 1100 to 1300 CE; during this period, Europe developed nation states with populations identifying national unity: • Nations led by kings, princes as rulers • Made war against others to obtain territory • Trade rose and towns developed • Catholic Church led wars for Christian domination

  25. Medieval Guilds A guild is an association of craftspeople in a particular trade Guild Hall Def: exclusive right or ability to provide a service or product • Commercial Monopoly: • Controlled membershipapprentice journeyman  master craftsman • Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. • Controlled prices

  26. Medieval Universities 1st Universities began Religion most ‘popular’ subject

  27. Rise of Nation States • England • France • Holy Roman Empire • Spain

  28. England • Angles, Celts, Jutes, Picts (local tribes) fought for control of islands • Alfred the Great: king of England who united British Islands as a kingdom • 1066: Battle of Hastings-- • William the Conqueror led Norman Conquest of England; set up feudal gov’t & efficient tax collection system with the Domesday Book

  29. Evolution of England’s Political System • Henry I: • William’s son. • set up a court system. • Exchequer dept. of royal finances. • Henry II: • established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. • grand jury. • trial by jury.

  30. England • Richard I (the Lion Heart): led Crusades • John I: forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede (1215); the document made king subject to laws • King needed permission of the nobles to raise taxes • Helped establish Parliament to advise king

  31. The Beginnings of the British Parliament • Great Council: • middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. • eventually called Parliament. • by 1400, two chambers evolved: • House of Lords  nobles & clergy. • House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

  32. France • Hugh Capet seized Paris; established Capetian dynasty • Created central gov’t in France • Collected taxes & added territory to kingdom

  33. France • Philip II (Augustus): acquired lands in France belonging to England; more powerful than vassals • Louis IX (St. Louis): created appeals court that could overturn decisions of lower courts • Philip IV ( the Fair): increased royal power over the Church; created Estates-General to advise king

  34. Holy Roman Empire • Located in Germany, central Europe • Otto I: made alliance with Church; defeated local princes to increase territory • 1122: Concordat of Worms-only the Church could grant church offices

  35. Holy Roman Empire • Frederick I (Barbarossa): increased wealth by invading Italian cities; drowned during a crusade • German states did not unite into a single kingdom

  36. Spain • large kingdoms of Aragon & Castile spent most of 15th century fighting the Muslims in the “La Reconquista” or the reconquest of Spain

  37. Holy wars to regain Jerusalem from the Muslims; first called by Pope Urban II who promised: Forgiveness for sins Cancellation of debts Protection for families and property Cancellation of criminal charges Land and wealth (from the Turks) The Crusades

  38. The Crusades 1st crusade: 3 groups marched to Holy Land • Most successful; crusaders captured Jerusalem & Antioch; massacred thousands of Muslims • Problems: heat, supplies, disunity

  39. The Crusades • 2nd: Turks had retaken Jerusalem; group sent to take the city was defeated at Damascus • 3rd (King’s Crusade): led by kings; Frederick I fell from horse & drowned; Philip II fell ill and returned to France; led by Saladin, Turks kept lands

  40. The Crusades • 4th: crusaders sacked city of Zara for rival Venetians; excommunicated after they conquered Christian Constantinople; never reconquered Holy Land • Children’s Crusade - Army made up of children hoped Turks would give up Holy land; children enslaved

  41. Results of the Crusades • Discovery of new ideas, inventions, weapons • Kings gained power • Status of women increased • Revival of trade between Europe & Middle East

  42. The Famine of 1315-1317 • By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate. • A population crisis developed. • Climate changes in Europe produced three years of cold, heavy rain • Crop failures between 1315-17 • As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. • One consequence ofstarvation & povertywas susceptibility todisease.

  43. THE PLAGUE

  44. The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form:almost 100% mortality rate.

  45. From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411

  46. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Human is infected! Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.

  47. Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death. Bring out your dead!

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