Dealing with figures in Psychology

1. Dealingwithfigures in Psychology Figures and numbers Comparing Statistics: basic vocabulary

2. Figures and numbers • Number : a highnumber - a lownumber • Figures : itis important to give the exact figures of ... / a round figure • Digit : chiffre • a double-digit number • A double-digit increase in • Rate (literacy rate, birth rate, death rate, drop-out rate) • Average : on average... • An average 60% of youthshave experienced mental disarray. • Outnumber (=be more numerousthan) • Girls diagnosedwithanorexiaoutnumber boys. • A percentage • A threshold: un seuil

3. Counting • 3.4 : three point four (the English point stand for the French coma) 3,250: threethousandtwohundred and fifty 387 : threehundred and eightysevenMAIS 3,004 : threethousand and four • dates are read in two parts: 1974 (nineteenseventy-four) except for 1600s (in the sixteenhundreds) • le début des années 60 : the early sixties / the late1990s • A patient in hislate fifties - the undertwentiesare prone to cyberaddiction

4. 15,300 : fifteenthousandthreehundred people PAS DE ‘S’ • DOZEN, MILLION, THOUSAND, HUNDRED sont invariables sauf avant of : dozens of patients are misdiagnosed • la plupart de: most Observe the use of the article: Most people over 80 sufferfrommemorydisorders. Most of the childrensurveyedreportedsufferingfromminordepression. L’emploi de l’article n’est pas lié à la traduction de ‘la’ dans ‘la plupart’ mais à la détermination éventuelle du nom en anglais. In most cases, depressiondoes not cause any cognitive impairment. In most of the cases thatwerereported in thisenquiry, the childrenfailedatschool.

5. Classifying • First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth... twentiethcentury • Rank (se classer) The first and foremostpriorityfor these people is to seektreatment. The very first aim of thisresearchis to… First among the researchers’ prioritywas the correlationbetweenachievement and income. (to) prioritize / set, determinepriorities Draw a list of • Mindthe position of LAST/ FIRST / NEXT In the last twodecades - the first twochapters are devoted to mental disorders.

6. Quantifying • Significantquantities (sizeableamounts of): many / much (u) Manypeople have someform of addiction. Much patience isrequired to recoverfromsuchillness. somany /much... that Twice (three times, half…) as many / much as Twice as manygirls as boys sufferfromanorexia. • A LOT OF - LOTS OF – hoards of, loads of • Small quantity of: FEW (a few) / LITTLE Very few youthsreportedspending more than 4 hours a day on the Internet. Verylittlehopeisleft.

7. Any • Any s’emploie dans les phrases négatives, le plus souvent + hardly, barely. There washardlyanysolution whichremainedunexplored. • Dans les phrases negativesany peut laisser place à no si l’on veut insister sur la négation. There isn’tanycase in whichaddiction does not lead to impairement. In no case does addiction go withoutimpairement.

8. All, each, every, no • ALL + pluriel: All the parents reportedbeingworried for their kids’ well-being. • EVERY+ sing: Everychildrequiresequal attention. Everyone, everywhere • EACH ou EVERY ? Study each case separately. I have read every book on the topic. Each author has his own approach to the issue. I want survey all the people in this corporation. • SOME (positive, yetindeterminatequantity) Someone, somewhere, somehow • NO / NONE (of) How many of these theories do you know ? None of them. None of the solutions hefoundworked out.

9. ABOUT : approximatively/ an estimatedthree million people ... • BOTH Both internet addiction and facebook addiction are new diseases. Bothpupils and studentsmaysufferfrom cyber-bullying. • PROPORTION : one third - one quarter 1 personne sur trois : one person out of/ in 3

10. Comparing • Depressionistwice more frequentamongunderachievers (thanamongotherpupils). • There are twice as manyyouthswith cyberaddiction as older people. • Drop-out ismuch more frequentamonglow-incomefamilychildren. • The mostwidespreaddiseases are ADHD.

11. Statistics: basic vocabulary • ACCOUNT The document provides a valid dependable account of aggression in the real world. • Robbery accounts for 30% of violent crime. • ACKNOWLEDGE In turn, it is acknowledged that adults have an important part to play in supervising the activities of young people when using these technologies. • AGE GROUP The number of victims in the 15-14 age group, the most suicide-prone, increased nearly by 50%. • ALARMING The statistics are even more alarming when longitudinal patterns are examined. • AMONG/ST The percentage of children who woke at least once each night was higher among women with psychological distress prior to the pregnancy. • COMPARED TO Between 1984 and 1993, persons reporting being bullied at school increased by 10%, compared to an increase of 23% for people reporting being severely assaulted. • CONDUCT Many of the anti-bullying evaluation studies conducted around the world have yielded modest results to date.

12. DEPEND ON Much of our behavior depends on internal states –our needs, our memories, or our beliefs. • DIFFER If very young children differ in their levels of aggression, these differences may be attributable to genetic factors. • DISPLAY Research suggests that high self-esteem can serve as a protective factor against peer victimisation, even if young people displaybehavioural vulnerabilities. FIELD Much of whattheysayis the result of research on the psychobiology of aggression, a fieldthat has experiencedmanybreakthroughs in identifyingcorrelates of violent behaviors. • FINDINGSFindings from a large-scale Australian study of some 38,000 school-aged children have indicated that, on average, school bullying affects one in six young people. • HIGHLIGHT A meta-evaluation commissioned by the Australian Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department highlighted some of the common elements in successful interventions, of which three key findings are likely to inform good practice. • INSIGHT The results provide an insight into the connection between poverty and achievement. • INVOLVE The study involved 874 women between 20 and 34 years of age in the city of Southampton, U.K.

13. BE LIKELY TO Bullies are more likely to drop out of school early and tend to become aggressive. Researchersare lookingatseveralgenesthatmaymake people more likely todevelop the disorder. Tough someresearchers claim thatwe are comingcloser to predictingfrom a brain scan whether a personisatrisk for committing an act of violence, a closer look atotherpsychologicalfactorswill show us whywe are unlikely to findsuch a conclusive test for potential violent behavior. Syn. Stand a higher chance than others of doing, be prone to doing • LINKRecent British researchindicatesa possible linkbetweenconsumption of certain food additives likeartificialcolors or preservatives, and an increase in activity. • Syn. Relationship, connection, correlation • MAKE UP Aggravated assault was the offense that made up the largest portion of violent crime at 62.1%. • OPINION POLL A recent opinion poll review on the perception of violence with a representative sample of the Canadian population showed that respondents were more concerned by youth violence than by school failure. • PERCENTAGEHowever, onlya smallpercentage ofchildrenwith ADHD have suffered a traumaticbraininjury. • PREDICT According to the authors, frequent, disruptive night wakings in the latter period of the first year of life are clinically relevant because they predict sleep problems at three years of age. Longitudinal studies confirm that aggressive and dominating behaviours displayed at age 8 are a powerful predictor of criminality and violence at the age of 30. • QUESTIONNAIRE Before becoming pregnant the women completed the General Health Questionnaire, a 12-question screening instrument that detects depression and anxiety disorders.

14. RATE The rate among the overall American population decreased by 2% over the last two decades. • REPORT Both boys and girls report being victims. Many of the young adolescents aged 10-13 years reported conflicting feelings, including feeling guilty, sad or angry, but also having a lack of knowledge about what to do. • RESEARCH / RESEARCHERSResearch into cyber bullying is still in its infancy; however, one survey of Australian teenagers aged 12-17 years indicated that one in five had received hateful messages via their mobile phone or through an Internet-based medium during the current school year. • Researchisunderway to confirm the findings and to learn more about how food additives may affect hyperactivity. • RESPONDENT Not surprisingly, half the respondentsstatedthat teenagers between the ages of 12 and 17 shouldbe made top priority for anyadditionalinvestment in government violence prevention programs. • SIGNIFICANTSignificant psychological distress prior to conception was associated with a 23-percent increased risk of infant night wakings at 6 months of age. Although the incidence of violent behavior in the US has fallen significantly in the past few years, there is still about an 80% chance that a person will be the victim of a violent crime during his or her lifetime. • STUDY Longitudinal studies confirm school bullying as a significant causal factor in lowered health and wellbeing. • YIELD Psychological research on human aggression has produced a vast mass of findings, but it has yielded as yet no universally accepted or coherent body of scientific knowledge.