Human Trafficking by Kim Kubal, Executive Director YSTH and MFT, PCC, DHP

1. Human Traffickingby Kim Kubal, Executive Director YSTH and MFT, PCC, DHP

2. Warning: Please take care of yourself as this information may be triggering and graphicHuman Trafficking Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_KCKC_OaL8

3. Kim’s Story

4. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 • The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 as amended, is arguably the most important anti-trafficking law ever passed. The TVPA and its subsequent reauthorizations, define a human trafficking victim as a person induced to perform labor or a commercial sex act through force, fraud, or coercion. • To combat trafficking in persons, especially into the sex trade, slavery, and involuntary servitude, to reauthorize certain Federal programs to prevent violence against women, and for other purposes.

5. Human Trafficking Detection Act of 2015 (already been passed) • Human Trafficking Detection Act of 2015 • (Sec. 3) Directs the Secretary of Homeland Security (DHS) to implement a program to: (1) train relevant Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and other DHS personnel on how to effectively deter, detect, and disrupt human trafficking and interdict suspected perpetrators during the course of their primary roles and responsibilities; and (2) ensure that such personnel regularly receive current information on matters related to the detection of human trafficking.

6. Human Trafficking Detection Act of 2015 (continued) • Permits training to be conducted through in-class or virtual learning capabilities. Requires such training to include: • methods for identifying suspected victims and perpetrators of human trafficking, • methods for approaching a suspected victim in a manner that is sensitive to the victim and not likely to alert a perpetrator, • training that is most appropriate for a particular location or environment, and • a post-training evaluation of trainees.

7. ABC EVENING NEWS: Human-trafficking crackdown: 510 arrested, 56 rescued in California Tuesday, January 30, 2018, Los Angeles • More than 500 suspects were arrested and 56 people were rescued during a statewide human-trafficking crackdown, officials said.The Los Angeles County Regional Human Trafficking Task Forces announced the arrests of 510 suspects during the three-day sweep, called Operation Reclaim and Rebuild.

8. ABC Evening News (cont) • During the operation, which took place between Jan. 25 and 27, the task force said 45 adults and 11 girls were rescued.Among the 510 suspects arrested, 30 are suspected traffickers and 178 are alleged "johns."

9. CA Statistics • California, along with Texas and Florida, is one of the top states in the nation for human trafficking • California is a top destination for traffickers due to its major harbors, airports, coastlines, international borders, economy and immigration population • FBI crime analysis puts California and Nevada as having the highest rates of child prostitution in the western region of the United States. San Francisco is a hub for human trafficking and a hot spot for child sex trafficking. The FBI includes the San Francisco Bay Area in its list of 13 highest child sex trafficking areas on the nation.

10. Free the Slaves

11. Statistics of HT

12. Other types of slavery • Domestic Servitude • Employees working in private homes are forced or coerced into serving and/or fraudulently convinced that they have no option to leave. • Forced Labor • Human beings are forced to work under the threat of violence and for no pay. These slaves are treated as property and exploited to create a product for commercial sale. • Bonded Labor • Individuals that are compelled to work in order to repay a debt and unable to leave until the debt is repaid. It is the most common form of enslavement in the world.

13. Other types of slavery (cont) • Child Labor • Any enslavement — whether forced labor, domestic servitude, bonded labor or sex trafficking — of a child. • Forced Marriage • Women and children who are forced to marry another without their consent or against their will.

14. Little Known Facts about HT • Human trafficking The U.S. Government defines human trafficking as: Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age. • The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

15. Little known facts (cont) • is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. ... Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to lure their victims and force them into labor or commercial sexual exploitation. • Involves men, women and children. • Estimated 27M adults, 13M children globally - victims of human trafficking, between 14,500 and 17,500 are trafficked into US each year. • Third largest international crime industry and generates a profit of $32B every year. • 30,000 victims of sex trafficking die each year from abuse, torture and neglect.

16. Little Known facts (cont.) • 54% HT cases recruiter – stranger; 46% - recruiters know victim. • HT victims face physical risks, e.g. drug and alcohol addiction; contracting STDs; sterility; miscarriages; forced abortions; clinical depression; PTSD; personality and dissociative disorders. • Global warming and severe natural disasters left millions homeless and impoverished - leaves desperate people easily exploited by human traffickers. • Family members will often sell children and other family members into slavery; younger the victim - the more money the trafficker receives.

17. Little known facts (cont) • Victims work in sexual services and prostitution, sweatshops, domestic servitude and agricultural work. • Sex traffickers use variety of ways to “condition” victims including starvation, rape, gang rape, physical abuse, beating etc.

18. Understanding the Mindset of a Victim • Victims often do not see themselves as victims • Victims may feel shame, self-blame and feelings of unworthiness of a better life • Victims may be coached to lie to mental health professions • Often give fabricated histories with scripted stories • Victims are often fearful, distrust law enforcement, gvt. services due to fear of arrest

19. Understanding the Mindset of a Victim(cont) • Victims may have formed a trauma bond with exploiter; may have deep loyalties & positive feelings for abuser. • Victims often fear for their own safety & safety of loved ones due to threats of violence. • Drugs often play role in HT – way to cope; victims sometimes enter “the life” to support drug habit. • Victims are recruited by pimps who will love/take care of them. • Gang related prostitution. • Running away & living on the streets and forced to exchange sex for survival. • Kidnapped by guerilla pimp and forced into life.

20. Techniques to keep victims enslaved The more frequent practice is to use less obvious techniques including: • Debt bondage – financial obligations, honor-bound to satisfy debt • Isolation from the public – limiting contact with outsiders and making sure that any contact is monitored or superficial in nature • Isolation from family members and members of their ethnic and religious community • Confiscation of passports, visas and/or identification documents • Use or threat of violence toward victims and/or families of victims

21. Techniques to keep victims enslaved • The threat of shaming victims by exposing circumstances to family • Telling victims they will be imprisoned or deported for immigration violations if they contact authorities • Control of the victims’ money, e.g., holding their money for “safe-keeping”

22. COMMON MENTAL HEALTH INDICATORS OF TRAFFICKING • Post traumatic stress disorder • Anxiety Disorder • Panic Disorder • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder • Dissociative Disorder • Major Depressive Disorder • Explosive Disorders/violence • Intermittent Explosive Disorder

23. Red flags • Chronic runaway • History of abuse • Traveling with an older male • Presence of an older boyfriend • Unusual tattoos or branding marks • Use of street lingo with references to “the game” “the life” • Lack of ID • Dominating/controlling “boyfriend” or female in room who refuses to leave

24. Treatment needs of HT victims • Provide Safety & Trust • Stabilization of trauma symptoms • Positive social support • Lifestyle change incl. addressing drugs/alcohol abuse • Counselling (group/individual) • Address core beliefs about self/world • Address trauma bond between/trafficker

25. Why do traffickers traffic? • Sex trafficking can be extremely lucrative, especially in areas where opportunities for education and legitimate employment may be limited. • According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the greatest numbers of traffickers are from Asia, followed by Central and Southeastern Europe, and Western Europe. • Crime groups involved in the sex trafficking of women and girls are also often involved in the transnational trafficking of drugs and firearms, and frequently use violence as a means of carrying out their activities.

26. Why do traffickers traffic? (cont) • One overriding factor in the proliferation of trafficking is the fundamental belief that the lives of women and girls are expendable. • In societies where women and girls are undervalued or not valued at all, women are at greater risk for being abused, trafficked, and coerced into sex slavery. If women experienced improved economic and social status, trafficking would in large part be eradicated.

27. For Help • National Human Trafficking Hotline – 1888-3737-888 • National Center for Missing & Exploited Children – • 1-800-THE –LOST (1800-843-5678) • Seek therapists who have training in trauma therapy. • If client is in immediate danger, call 911

28. Treatment Providers • Freedom House: Located in the San Francisco Bay Area, Freedom House works closely with law enforcement and community partners to identify survivors of human trafficking, and to provide them with the care and services they need to rebuild their lives. http://www.freedomhousesf.org/aboutus/ • YWCA Silicon Valley human trafficking http://ywca-sv.org/our-services/support-services/human-trafficking/ • Human Trafficking Victim Survivors https://www.1degree.org/human-trafficking-victim-survivor/san-francisco-ca

29. Treatment Providers and Resources • San Francisco Collaborative Against Human Trafficking http://sfcaht.org/index.html • Bay Area Anti-Trafficking Coalition http://www.baatc.org/who-we-are.html • San Francisco Collaborative Against Human Trafficking (SFCAHT) • http://sfgov.org/dosw/san-francisco-collaborative-against-human-trafficking-sfcaht

30. Resources locally • Alameda County • Local help for victims https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/orr/tips_for_identifying_and_helping_trafficking_victims.pdf • H.E.A.T.http://www.heatwatch.org/resources/alameda_county_agencies • San Mateo County • Freedom House www.freedomhousesf.org/aboutus/ • San Francisco • Safe House https://oag.ca.gov/human-trafficking/help • San Francisco Collaborative Against Human Trafficking sf-hrc.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=493 • South County • Operation Safe House https://oag.ca.gov/human-trafficking/help

31. RESOURCES • Aronowitz, A. (2009) Human trafficking, human misery: The global trade in human beings. Santa Barbara, CA. Greenwood Publishing Group. • ASU School of Social Work. Office of Sex Trafficking Intervention Research. Retrieved from http://ssw.asu.edu/research/stir • Belser, P. (2005). Forced labor and human trafficking: estimating the profits, international labor office: Geneva • Bigelsen, J. (2013). Homelessness, survival sex and human trafficking: As experienced by the Youth of Covenant House, New York • Boyd, D. (2012). Human trafficking and technology: A framework for understanding the role of technology in the commercial sexual exploitation of children in the US • Chisolm-Straker, M., Richardson, L., Cossio, T. (2012). Combating slavery in the 21st century: the role of emergency medicine. Journal of Healthcare for the poor and undeserved, 23(3), 980-987 • Destefano, A.M. (2007) The war on human trafficking. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press. • Dorais, M. & Corriveau, P. (2009). Gangs and Girls,: Understanding juvenile prostitution. Trans. Peter Feldstein. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. • Dovydaitis, T. (2010) Human trafficking: the role of the health care provider. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health. 2010 Sep-Oct; 55(5) 462-467. • End Child Prostitution, Child pornography and the trafficking of children for sexual purpose (2013).”And boys too”.

32. RESOURCES (cont) • Estes, R., Weiner N. (2001). The commercial sexual exploitation of children in the US, Canada, Mexico. University of Pennsylvania School of Social Work Center for the Study of Youth Policy. • H.R. 460 114th Congress. Retrieved fromhttps://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/460 • Harris, K. (2012). The state of Human trafficking in California. • Hernandez, B.(2013). Identification and treatment of domestic minor sex trafficking. National At-Risk Education Network. • Issac, R., Solak. J., Giardino, A. (2011). Health care providers’ training needs related to human trafficking. Maximizing the opportunity to effectively screen and intervene. Journal of applied research on children: Informing policy for children at risk. 2(1) • Liebelson, D. (2010)Nine out of ten women escaping North Korea are trafficked. Human Trafficking Change. • Malarek, v. (2003) The Natashas: inside the new global sex trade. New York: Cambridge University Press. • National Academy of Sciences. (2013) Confronting commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the US, 271-296. • Ohio Human Trafficking Task Force Recommendations. (2013) Human trafficking screening tool. • Rescue and Restore https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/orr/tips_for_identifying_and_helping_trafficking_victims.pdf • Shelley, L. (2010) Human trafficking: a global perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. • Skinner, E. (2008) A crime so monstrous: face-to-face with modern-day slavery. New York, NY: Free Press • Williamson, E., Dutch, N., Clawson, H. (2010). Evidenced-based mental health treatment for victims of human trafficking. Study of HHS Programs Serving Human Trafficking Victims.