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KINGDOM PLANTAE

Oxygen Ozone Food Fibers Wood & paper. Fossil fuels Medicine Latex Essential Oils Decoration Jobs. KINGDOM PLANTAE. WHY STUDY PLANTS?. What is a Plant?. Multicellular Eukaryotes Cell wall made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos

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KINGDOM PLANTAE

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  1. Oxygen Ozone Food Fibers Wood & paper Fossil fuels Medicine Latex Essential Oils Decoration Jobs KINGDOM PLANTAE WHY STUDY PLANTS?

  2. What is a Plant? • Multicellular • Eukaryotes • Cell wall made of cellulose • Develop from multicellular embryos • Carry out photosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b • Most are autotrophs, but some are parasitic or saprobes

  3. Plant Life Cycle • Haploid: Spores (N) produce a Gametophyte plant (N) which produces gametes; either sperm or eggs (reproductive cells) • The sperm and egg join to create the Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid. • Diploid: The Sporophyte Plant creates spores (N) by meiosis.

  4. Plant Life Cycle

  5. What Plants Need to Survive • Sunlight • Water and minerals • Gas exchange • Movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant body

  6. Early Plants • The first plants evolved from green algae • Size, color, and appearance of plants • Similar reproductive cycles • Cell walls and photosynthetic pigments are identical to those of plants

  7. Evolution Relationships

  8. Overview of Plant Kingdom • Plants are divided into 4 groups based upon: 1. water-conducting tissues 2. seeds 3. flowers

  9. Evolution Relationships

  10. 12 Phyla of Plant Kingdom

  11. BRYOPHYTES • byro=moss phyte=plant • Examples are: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts • Life cycles depend on water • No vascular tissue: depends on osmosis • Very small & compact

  12. Mosses

  13. Human Uses for Moss • Sphagnum moss (aka peat moss) thrives in acidic water • Dried sphagnum absorbs many times its weight in water: natural sponge • Alive is used in gardening: to acidify the soil • When compacted (peat) is used for fuel.

  14. Liverworts

  15. Hornworts

  16. Vascular Plants • Tracheids are specialized cells that can conduct fluids: • Xylem (water upward) • Phloem (nutrients and carbohydrates throughout the plant

  17. Seedless Vascular Plants • Both xylem and phloem can move fluids against gravity • The thick walls of xylem and LIGNIN (substance that makes cell walls rigid) enables vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights • Examples are: club mosses, horsetails, and ferns

  18. Lycophyta: Club Mosses • Once grew as huge (35 m) trees • One of the main components of coal • True leaves, stems, and roots • Need moist woodlands • Example: Lycopodium

  19. Arthrophyta: Horsetail • Only one genus is still living • Grows to about 1 m • True leaves, stems, and roots • Stems contain silica and were used for scouring pots • Example: Equisetum

  20. Pterophyta: Ferns • Leaves are called FRONDS • Stem is an underground rhizome with roots • Found in moist, shaded forest areas • Sporangia form on underside of frond

  21. Seed Plants: Freedom from Water! • Two main types: • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms • Dominant group of photosynthetic organisms on land

  22. Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers • Means “naked seed” • Adapted so that seed can survive in dry and extreme temperatures

  23. Gnetophyta • Just 3 genera • Produces only 2 large,leathery leaves • Cones are formed at the base of the 2 leaves • Example: Welwitschia

  24. Cycadophyta: Cycads • Palm-like • Date back to 225 million years ago • Only 9 genera • Example: • Sego palm

  25. Ginkophyta: Ginkoes • Only one species extant, Ginko biloba • Looks like the fossil remains of its ancestors, so true “living fossil” • Resistant to pollution so used in cities for shade

  26. Coniferophyta: Conifers • Most common gymnosperm • Includes pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews • Bristlecones can live 4 000+ years • Shed needles (leaves) throughout year so stay green (evergreens) • Needles adapted for dry, cool conditions with waxy coating, reduced surface area, cavities below leaf for gas exchange

  27. Anthophyta: Angiosperms • Appeared about 135 million years ago • About 90% of all plants are Angiosperms • Developed reproductive organs: flowers • Ovaries which protect the seeds • Attract animals which help with pollination

  28. Two class of Angiosperms • Monocotyledonae or Monocots • Dicotyledonae or Dicots

  29. Grasses Corn Wheat Lilies Gladiolus Palms Monocotyledons

  30. Monocot Characteristics

  31. Roses Clover Tomatoes Oaks Daisies Dicotylendons

  32. DICOTS

  33. Monocots vs. Dicots

  34. Other Ways of Grouping Plants: Stems • Woody: • Thick cell walls that support the plant • Trees, shrubs, and vines • Herbaceous: • Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure (turgor) • Dandilions, zinnias, petunias

  35. Other Ways of Grouping Plants: Lifespans • Annuals • Complete life cycle in one year • Biennials • Life cycle takes 2 years • Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves • Year two: grow new stems, leaves,and flowers • Perennials • Live through many years • May die back in winter,but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses) • Most have woody stems (palms,trees, honeysuckle)

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