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Personality

Personality. Psychodynamic Perspective. Sigmund Freud Free Association “Talking Therapy” Id Ego Superego Carl Jung Collective Unconscious Shared symbols Alfred Adler. Defense Mechanisms. Regression – Going backward Reaction formation – Switching the meaning of desires

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Personality

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  1. Personality

  2. Psychodynamic Perspective • Sigmund Freud • Free Association • “Talking Therapy” • Id • Ego • Superego • Carl Jung • Collective Unconscious • Shared symbols • Alfred Adler

  3. Defense Mechanisms • Regression – Going backward • Reaction formation – Switching the meaning of desires • Projection – Attributing one’s own issues to others • Rationalization – Justifying one’s reactions • Displacement – Shifting feelings toward something else • Denial – Rejecting painful realities

  4. Feminist critiques on Freud • Karen Horney • Rejected “penis envy” • Simone deBouviour • Psychosexual development of women • Electra complex

  5. Psychodynamic Perspective • Sigmund Freud • Free Association • “Talking Therapy” • Id • Ego • Superego • Measures • Projective Tests • Rorschach Tests

  6. Defense Mechanisms • Regression – Going backward • Reaction formation – Switching the meaning of desires • Projection – Attributing one’s own issues to others • Rationalization – Justifying one’s reactions • Displacement – Shifting feelings toward something else • Denial – Rejecting painful realities

  7. Prenatal Development Chart • Prenatal Development Worksheet (In-Class Videos) • You have had one week to check in if you did not receive this grade. It is no longer available for make-up. • http://www.ehd.org/science_main.php • Nervous System • Cardiovascular System

  8. Psychodynamic Perspective • Sigmund Freud • Free Association • “Talking Therapy” • Id • Ego • Superego

  9. Carl Jung: Archetypes

  10. Alfred Adler • Inferiority & Superiority Complex

  11. Defense Mechanisms • Regression – Going backward • Reaction formation – Switching the meaning of desires • Projection – Attributing one’s own issues to others • Rationalization – Justifying one’s reactions • Displacement – Shifting feelings toward something else • Denial – Rejecting painful realities Conflict b/w Id, Ego & Superego Reliance on Defense Mechanisms Anxiety

  12. How would a behaviorist have responded to Freud?

  13. Behavioral Perspective • Personality is a series of learned responses to stimuli in the environment. “The objection to inner statesis not that they do not exist,but that they are not relevant.” --B. F. Skinner Telling jokes Laughter Attention,Compliments Stimulus Response Reinforcer

  14. Social-Cognitive Perspective • Albert Bandura • Reciprocal Influences • Different people choose different environments. • Ex: Muchin vs. CPS; Parents vs. Teachers • Our personalities help create situations. • Ex: Cold, distrustful personalities vs. Warm, easygoing personalities • Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events. • Ex: Anxious people will react differently from outgoing people • Martin Seligman • Learned Helplessness / Depression • Positive Psychology • PERMA – Positive emotion / Engagement /Relationships / Meaning / Achievement

  15. Culture & Personality • Individualism vs. Collectivism • Self-Esteem vs. Work Ethic • The Struggle vs. Helicopter Parenting • http://www.npr.org/2013/09/02/218067142/why-eastern-and-western-cultures-tackle-learning-differently • http://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/2013/11/09/parents-overly-involved-college-students-lives/mfYvA5R9IhRpJytEbFpxUP/story.html

  16. Humanistic Perspective • Focus on achieving the ideal self. • Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of Needs • Carl Rogers • Client-Centered Therapy • Growth depends on… • Genuineness • Acceptance • Empathy • Measure: Questionnaires

  17. Evaluate this statement with your neighbor. “The only question which matters is, ‘Am I living in a way which is deeply satisfying to me, and whichtruly expresses me?” --Carl Rogers, 1985

  18. So…what’s therapy for, then? Humanism Psychoanalysis You have problems you don’t even know about. How is a therapist going to help you there? Pessimistic • Humans are all inherently good; they just want to be loved. It will all work itself out. • Naive vs.

  19. Trait Perspective • Eyesenck – stability and intro/extraversion • Extraverts require social stimulation because brain activity in the frontal lobes is (high / low). • Introverts and Extroverts, DNews: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxZ1fPr9FJg • Personality traits can be inherited! “Personality is determined to a large extent by a person’s genes.” --Hans Eysenck • Assessments • Personality Inventories • Factor analysis • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – projective test • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

  20. The Big Five • Paul Costa and Robert McCrae • Conscientiousness • Agreeableness • Neuroticism • Openness • Extraversion • This specific measure has shown that traits matter.

  21. Myers-Briggs • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) • Introverted – Extroverted • Sensory – iNtuitive • Thinking – Feeling • Perceiving – Judging

  22. Validity • Sometimes personality tests are not accurate because of self-serving bias. • People will take credit for the good rather than the bad. • People genuinely see themselves as better than the average. • People even think they are immune to self-serving bias.

  23. Is Personality Consistent Across Life? • Myers-Briggs and Personality Tests, DNews: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uC6F3hCoXGk • Phineas Gage: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrULrWRlGBA • Song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGl5SUB8IXM

  24. Review Personality:Nature vs. Nurture • An infant’s natural disposition to show a particular mood at a particular intensity for a specific period. • Temperament is considered to be largely inherited. • Sensitivity, etc. can be affected by drug use. • What are the three major categories of temperament? • Easy • Difficult • Slow to warm

  25. Review Personality:Psychoanalytical Perspective • What are the levels of awareness in Freud’s theory? • Conscious • Preconscious • Subconscious

  26. Review Personality:Psychoanalytical Perspective • What are the personality systems in Freud’s theory? • Conscious • Preconscious • Subconscious Ego Superego Id

  27. Review Personality:Psychoanalytical Perspective • I got into a fight with my brother and took my anger out on the punching bag at my gym. • Displacement • The entire class laughs at a little boy during a presentation and he urinates on himself. • Regression • “I’m really bothered right now, but I’m going to smile and help this person with their homework anyway.” • Reaction Formation • “I can’t recall ever being in love with my mother.” • Repression • “It’s okay to cheat. Different area codes, right?” • Rationalization • A boss yells at his employee, the employee yells at his kids, and his kids yell at their toys. • Displacement • A person bullies others because they don’t want others to know how emotionally weak they are. • Projection • You come home from a hot date and, since they went home early, start on your homework. • Sublimation

  28. Review Personality:Psychoanalytical Perspective • Sigmund Freud • “Freud believed that if the conflict was not resolved well, libido or life energy would become fixated at the pleasure center of that stage…. To help prevent fixation, parents need to be sensitive to the young child’s needs in each stage, but not overindulgent” (Maitland 2011). • Carl Jung – Analytic Theory of Personality • Collective unconscious • Archetypes • Individuation • Alfred Adler – Individual Psychology • All people strive for superiority. • Hence, inferiority and superiority • Karen Horney

  29. Review Personality Humanistic Theory Behavioral Theory B. F. Skinner Behavior is personality. Thus, personality = learned behavior. You learn responses to stimuli in your environment. • Goal: Ideal self • Abraham Maslow • Hierarchy of Needs • Carl Rogers • Client-Centered Therapy • Genuineness • Acceptance • Empathy • Unconditional love / positive regard

  30. Review Personality:Social-Cognitive Theories • Cognitive: George Kelly • Personal Constructs • Albert Bandura • We learn our personalities from others. • We share a reciprocal determinism with our environment. • Self-efficacy; individualism. Collective-efficacy; collectivism. • Julian Rotter • Locus of Control • Martin Seligman • Learned Helplessness / Positive Psychology (PERMA)

  31. Review Personality:Trait Perspective • Gordon Allport • Cardinal traits, central traits and secondary traits. • Hans and Sybil Eysenck • Stable – Unstable / Introversion – Extraversion • Raymond Cattell • Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire – 16 PF • Myers-Briggs • Myers-Briggs Trait Indicator (MBTI) • Costa & McCrae • The Big Five

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